Glial Development: The Crossroads of Regeneration and Repair in the CNS

Gallo, Vittorio; Deneen, Benjamin

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010

Cited by 187 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 302 publications

(407 reference statements)

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“…In the rodent brain one can distinguish two main types of astrocytes: fibrous and protoplasmic (Gallo and Deneen, 2014; Rodnight and Gottfried, 2013). The fibrous type cells occur in the white matter and are thought to promote myelination of axons through interaction with oligodendrocytes (Lundgaard et al, 2014; Molofsky et al, 2012).…”

Section: Subtypes and Brain‐region Specificity Of Astrogliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

Heller

Rusakov

2015

Glia

135

137

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Memory formation in the brain is thought to rely on the remodeling of synaptic connections which eventually results in neural network rewiring. This remodeling is likely to involve ultrathin astroglial protrusions which often occur in the immediate vicinity of excitatory synapses. The phenomenology, cellular mechanisms, and causal relationships of such astroglial restructuring remain, however, poorly understood. This is in large part because monitoring and probing of the underpinning molecular machinery on the scale of nanoscopic astroglial compartments remains a challenge. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the cellular organisation of astroglia in the synaptic microenvironment and discuss molecular mechanisms potentially involved in use‐dependent astroglial morphogenesis. We also discuss recent observations concerning morphological astroglial plasticity, the respective monitoring methods, and some of the newly emerging techniques that might help with conceptual advances in the area. GLIA 2015;63:2133–2151

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Section: Subtypes and Brain‐region Specificity Of Astrogliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

Heller

Rusakov

2015

Glia

135

137

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“…with distinct functions, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic regulation (40)(41)(42) . Moreover, within the hypothalamus there are many different cell types; the broadest dichotomisation is neurons (which convey information by generating action potentials), and glia (which lack this ability and instead serve broad functions including structural integrity, maintenance, and immune regulation) (43) . To ask whether the suckling period is a critical period for cell-type-specific epigenetic development in the mouse, we studied P21 v. P0 hypothalamus, in neuronal and glia DNA separately (44) .…”

Section: Biological Determinants and Developmental Programming Of Phymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more ‘programmable’ than food intake?

et al. 2015

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Extensive human and animal model data show that environmental influences during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal development can cause persistent alterations in energy balance regulation. Although a potentially important factor in the worldwide obesity epidemic, the fundamental mechanisms underlying such developmental programming of energy balance are poorly understood, limiting our ability to intervene. Most studies of developmental programming of energy balance have focused on persistent alterations in the regulation of energy intake; energy expenditure has been relatively underemphasised. In particular, very few studies have evaluated developmental programming of physical activity. The aim of this review is to summarise recent evidence that early environment may have a profound impact on establishment of individual propensity for physical activity. Recently, we characterised two different mouse models of developmental programming of obesity; one models fetal growth restriction followed by catchup growth, and the other models early postnatal overnutrition. In both studies, we observed alterations in body-weight regulation that persisted to adulthood, but no group differences in food intake. Rather, in both cases, programming of energy balance appeared to be due to persistent alterations in energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). These effects were stronger in female offspring. We are currently exploring the hypothesis that developmental programming of SPA occurs via induced sexspecific alterations in epigenetic regulation in the hypothalamus and other regions of the central nervous system. We will summarise the current progress towards testing this hypothesis. Early environmental influences on establishment of physical activity are likely an important factor in developmental programming of energy balance. Understanding the fundamental underlying mechanisms in appropriate animal models will help determine whether early life interventions may be a practical approach to promote physical activity in man.Metabolic imprinting: Epigenetics: DNA methylation: Nutrition Developmental programming, epigenetics and obesity During critical periods of embryonic, fetal and early postnatal development, environmental influences can affect mammalian development, leading to permanent changes in the regulation of energy balance. There is increasing acceptance of the idea that such developmental programming of energy balance regulation is an †These authors contributed equally to this work.

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“…This body of work has been expertly reviewed elsewhere (Gallo and Deneen, 2014;Rowitch, 2004;Rowitch and Kriegstein, 2010), so we will note only the major regulatory determinants revealed by those studies. Briefly, in mice OPCs begin to populate the developing spinal cord in three temporally distinct waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to make an oligodendrocyte

2015

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Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, an insulating sheath required for the saltatory conduction of electrical impulses along axons. Oligodendrocyte loss results in demyelination, which leads to impaired neurological function in a broad array of diseases ranging from pediatric leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy, to multiple sclerosis and white matter stroke. Accordingly, replacing lost oligodendrocytes, whether by transplanting oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or by mobilizing endogenous progenitors, holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for the diseases of central white matter. In this Primer, we describe the molecular events regulating oligodendrocyte development and how our understanding of this process has led to the establishment of methods for producing OPCs and oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as directly from somatic cells. In addition, we will discuss the safety of engrafted stem cell-derived OPCs, as well as approaches by which to modulate their differentiation and myelinogenesis in vivo following transplantation.

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Glial Development: The Crossroads of Regeneration and Repair in the CNS

Cited by 187 publications

References 302 publications

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment

Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more ‘programmable’ than food intake?

How to make an oligodendrocyte

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