Global action on antimicrobial resistance: lessons from the history of climate change and tobacco control policy

Pitchforth, Emma; Smith, Elta; Taylor, Jirka; Davies, Sally C.; Ali, Gemma-Claire; d’Angelo, Camilla

doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009283

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As noted in the introduction, several experts advocate institutional changes in the AMR regime, such as the inclusion of legally binding elements (Hoffman et al, 2019a;Pitchforth et al, 2022;Rochford et al, 2018;Rogers Van Katwyk et al, 2020). In contrast to studies comparing the effectiveness of hard and soft international agreements while controlling for other factors (Böhmelt & Pilster, 2010;Köppel & Sprinz, 2019;Parente, 2022;Tveit & Tørstad, 2023;Zangl, 2008), we cannot empirically assess the counterfactual effectiveness of a legalized AMR regime.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The regime lacks both enforcement mechanisms and regular funding for country implementation. Some experts consider this system insufficient to tackle the problem of AMR and advocate higher levels of legalization, notably the adoption of a binding international treaty (Hoffman et al, 2019a), and there is an ongoing debate about whether and how the international AMR regime should be reformed (Baekkeskov et al, 2020;Pitchforth et al, 2022;Rochford et al, 2018;Rogers Van Katwyk et al, 2020;Weldon et al, 2022).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft governance against superbugs: How effective is the international regime on antimicrobial resistance?

Heinzel,

Koenig-Archibugi

2023

Rev Int Organ

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the declining effectiveness of antibiotic medicines due to misuse are among the biggest threats to global health and a major challenge for global governance in this century. Since drug-resistant bacteria spread easily across borders, government policies that exacerbate or mitigate AMR affect other countries. International organizations and governments addressed the global public good of maintaining antimicrobial protection by creating a soft governance regime largely devoid of legally binding rules and enforcement mechanisms. This article presents a cross-national empirical assessment of the effectiveness of the international AMR regime combining novel data on national action plans and data on antibiotic consumption in 191 countries between 2000 and 2018. We find that the regime sets ambitious goals and achieves broad participation, substantial implementation, and meaningful change in the use of antibiotics. The involvement of the largest consumers of antibiotics has been crucial for both effectiveness and equity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft governance against superbugs: How effective is the international regime on antimicrobial resistance?

Heinzel,

Koenig-Archibugi

2023

Rev Int Organ

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“…Although AMR is a natural phenomenon, the main drivers of its development and spread are "man-made", including misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals and plants [54]. Findings from studies demonstrating through whole genome sequencing the animal-to-human transfer of resistance genes [55], confirm the need of international actions tackling AMR across multiple sectors (i.e., human healthcare, agriculture and environment) [36].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance and Climate Change: The One Health ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that potentially contribute to the relationship between CC and AMR are summarized in Figure 1. Understanding how AMR evolved alongside CC can provide insights to better design future efforts and interventions [36]; for this reason, it would be necessary to better understand: (i) the relationship between CC and AMR with a focus on humans, animals and the environment; (ii) current strategies and future interdisciplinary research on their interactions; (iii) the impact of financing, political advocacy and global actions; and (iv) the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in this alarming scenario.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance and Climate Change: Two Intertwined...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting pandemic has only further underlined the need for antimicrobial stewardship to prevent AMR [34]. In fact, the pandemic made the AMR crisis worse, due to increasing antibiotic use and drug-resistant secondary infections in hospital [35,36]. Since CC and AMR have been exacerbated by human activities, there is the need to take actions and to contain their damages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Antimicrobial Resistance Is Linked to Climate Change: An Overview of Two Intertwined Global Challenges

Lio

Favara

Maugeri

et al. 2023

IJERPH

294

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Globally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and climate change (CC) are two of the top health emergencies, and can be considered as two interlinked public health priorities. The complex commonalities between AMR and CC should be deeply investigated in a One Health perspective. Here, we provided an overview of the current knowledge about the relationship between AMR and CC. Overall, the studies included pointed out the need for applying a systemic approach to planetary health. Firstly, CC increasingly brings humans and animals into contact, leading to outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases with pandemic potential. Although it is well-established that antimicrobial use in human, animal and environmental sectors is one of the main drivers of AMR, the COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating the current scenario, by influencing the use of antibiotics, personal protective equipment, and biocides. This also results in higher concentrations of contaminants (e.g., microplastics) in natural water bodies, which cannot be completely removed from wastewater treatment plants, and which could sustain the AMR spread. Our overview underlined the lack of studies on the direct relationship between AMR and CC, and encouraged further research to investigate the multiple aspects involved, and its effect on human health.

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What and how can we learn from complex global problems for antimicrobial resistance policy? A comparative study combining historical and foresight approaches

Pitchforth,

Gemma-Clare,

Smith

et al. 2023

Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance

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Global action on antimicrobial resistance: lessons from the history of climate change and tobacco control policy

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Soft governance against superbugs: How effective is the international regime on antimicrobial resistance?

Soft governance against superbugs: How effective is the international regime on antimicrobial resistance?

How Antimicrobial Resistance Is Linked to Climate Change: An Overview of Two Intertwined Global Challenges

What and how can we learn from complex global problems for antimicrobial resistance policy? A comparative study combining historical and foresight approaches

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