Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean

Tremblay, Jean‐Éric; Anderson, Leif G.; Matrai, Patricia A.; Coupel, Pierre; Bélanger, Simon; Michel, Christine; Reigstad, Marit

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.009

Cited by 242 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Enhanced thermal stratification and freshening due to sea-ice melt and increasing river discharge may alter the light regime in the shallower upper mixed layer (Peterson et al 2002;Steinacher et al 2010). Such potential stimulatory effects, however, could be offset by reduced nutrient input from deeper waters (Wassmann and Reigstad 2011;Tremblay et al 2015) or by higher UV radiation due to ozone depletion in the Arctic (Rex et al 2004). Moreover, cold temperatures and low seawater alkalinity in some areas of the Arctic Ocean make the system particularly sensitive to anthropogenic CO 2 loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this region, future trends in primary production are critically dependent on the relative importance of different environmental drivers: beneficial effects of increased irradiances and potentially detrimental effects of decreased nutrient input, provided that the effects of enhanced stratification dominate over those of increased wind-driven mixing (Arrigo and van Dijken 2011;Vancoppenolle et al 2013;Ardyna et al 2014;Tremblay et al 2015). Observational data are indispensable to estimate the potential effects of climate change on Arctic phytoplankton assemblages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

et al. 2017

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The Arctic Ocean is a region particularly prone to ongoing ocean acidification (OA) and climate-driven changes. The influence of these changes on Arctic phytoplankton assemblages, however, remains poorly understood. In order to understand how OA and enhanced irradiances (e.g., resulting from sea-ice retreat) will alter the species composition, primary production, and ecophysiology of Arctic phytoplankton, we conducted an incubation experiment with an assemblage from Baffin Bay (71°N, 68°W) under different carbonate chemistry and irradiance regimes. Seawater was collected from just below the deep Chl a maximum, and the resident phytoplankton were exposed to 380 and 1000 latm pCO 2 at both 15 and 35% incident irradiance. On-deck incubations, in which temperatures were 6°C above in situ conditions, were monitored for phytoplankton growth, biomass stoichiometry, net primary production, photo-physiology, and taxonomic composition. During the 8-day experiment, taxonomic diversity decreased and the diatom Chaetoceros socialis became increasingly dominant irrespective of light or CO 2 levels. We found no statistically significant effects from either higher CO 2 or light on physiological properties of phytoplankton during the experiment. We did, however, observe an initial 2-day stress response in all treatments, and slight photo-physiological responses to higher CO 2 and light during the first five days of the incubation. Our results thus indicate high resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to OA and enhanced irradiance levels, challenging the commonly predicted stimulatory effects of enhanced CO 2 and light availability for primary production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

et al. 2017

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“…Primary production has been estimated in the Arctic (>66°N, i.e., north of the Arctic Circle) at $1.5 Gt C yr À1 (Arrigo and Van Dijken, 2011;Tremblay et al, 2015). Given that the area of the Arctic north of 66°N is $14 Â 10 6 km 2 , production there, on average, is $107 g C m À2 yr À1 .…”

Section: Nutrients and Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this transit, many of the nutrients in surface waters are consumed, reducing potential rates of primary production in Baffin Bay and the Archipelago . However, locally enhanced production occurs in areas of upwelling and vertical mixing such as in the North Water Polynya and in the narrow channels of the Canadian Archipelago (Tremblay et al, 2015).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Primary Production In Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Arctic, as ice retreats beyond the shelf break, it allows wind-induced upwelling to transport deep, warmer and nutrient-rich Pacific or Atlantic waters from the basins onto the shelves (Carmack and Chapman, 2003). This upwelling is projected to increase primary production on the shelves (Carmack and Chapman, 2003;Dmitrenko et al, 2006;Shulze and Pickart, 2012;Pickart et al, 2013;Tremblay et al, 2015). However, there is still no consensus as to whether the declining ice cover and thickness in the Arctic Basin will reduce or promote increased primary production, or whether ice algal primary production will remain a minor fraction (<20%) of surface primary production in early spring on a pan-Arctic basis (Barber et al, 2015;Leu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Effects Of Advective Changes On Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

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et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans

et al. 2016

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The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems.

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Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean

Cited by 242 publications

References 111 publications

Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans

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