Global Economic and Health Benefits of Tobacco Control: Part 2

Abstract

Although the risks of tobacco smoking have been known for decades, the pandemic of tobacco use continues. There are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, along with millions more using various oral tobacco products. Recent global estimates place the mortality burden from tobacco use at over 6 million annually, with nearly two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. If current patterns persist, there will be an estimated 1 billion deaths from tobacco during the twenty-first century. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides an overview of the tobacco pandemic, the scope of the pandemic, and its economic and health consequences. Part 2 reviews the history of tobacco control to date and addresses the current global strategy, based on the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the MPOWER package of interventions. Part 2 ends with a consideration of scenarios for the future of the pandemic.

Adiponectin and Smoking Status: A Systematic Review

“…Furthermore, smoking cessation intervention resulted in an increase in the adiponectin levels 15,16) . There were 5 studies reported from Japan 14,16,20,23,24) , 3 adjustments for these factors did not largely change our present findings. Accordingly, even though there were limited published articles and/or no randomized control trials focusing on the association between the smoking status and adiponectin levels (thus, the level of evidence for the present review was not very high), it is valuable to note that relatively consistent data have been reported.…”

“…The health risks of tobacco smoking have been established for decades worldwide, and regulating smoking remains a public health challenge [1][2][3] . Smoking is a well-known atherosclerotic risk factor, although the underlying mechanisms are complex and incompletely clarified [1][2][3] .…”

“…Smoking is a well-known atherosclerotic risk factor, although the underlying mechanisms are complex and incompletely clarified [1][2][3] . On the other hand, meta-bolic syndrome has recently been given sociomedical attention due to its increasing prevalence and atherosclerotic burden 4,5) .…”

Prioritised research agenda for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases

“…There are several key actions targeting tobacco control such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the MPOWER package of interventions (monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; protect people from tobacco smoke; offer help to quit tobacco use; warn about the dangers of tobacco; enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and; raise taxes on tobacco) [31]. Reducing air pollution exposure results in lower CRD morbidity and mortality.…”

Systems Medicine Approaches for the Definition of Complex Phenotypes in Chronic Diseases and Ageing. From Concept to Implementation and Policies

“…Other important risk factors of NCDs include inhaled risk factors such as tobacco [36,37] and biomass fuel combustion [38]. These risk factors may already act in utero and in early life [39].…”