Global implications of the EU battery regulation

Melin, Hans Eric; Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali; Ku, Anthony Y.; Kendall, Alissa; Harper, Gavin; Heidrich, Oliver

doi:10.1126/science.abh1416

Cited by 154 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In 2009, there were nearly 25.6 GWh (134,000 tons) of LIB energy storage capacity placed on the global market. In 2019, this was about 218 GWh (over 1.2 million tons), and it is expected that more than 2500 GWh (over 12.7 million tons) will be on the market in 2030, which will subsequently result in a vast amount of waste from both LIB production and spent LIBs [1]. In the production of LIBs, different waste streams enriched with electrode materials are generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Xuan

Chagnes

Xiao

et al. 2022

Metals

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used everywhere today, and their recycling is very important. This paper addresses the recovery of metals from NMC111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) cathodic materials by leaching followed by antisolvent precipitation. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of the cathodic material was performed in 1.5 mol L−1 citric acid at 50 °C and at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Nickel(II), manganese(II) and cobalt(II) were precipitated from the leach liquor as citrates at 25 °C by adding an antisolvent (acetone or ethanol). No lithium(I) precipitation occurred under the experimental conditions, allowing for lithium separation. The precipitation efficiencies of manganese(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) decreased according to the order Mn > Co > Ni. The precipitation efficiency increased when a greater volume of antisolvent to the leachate was used. A smaller volume of acetone than ethanol was needed to reach the same precipitation efficiency in accordance with the difference in the dielectric constants of ethanol and acetone and their associated solubility constants. After adding two volumes of acetone into one volume of the leach liquor, 99.7% manganese, 97.0% cobalt and 86.9% nickel were recovered after 120 h, leaving lithium in the liquid phase. The metal citrates were converted into metal oxides by calcination at 900 °C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Xuan

Chagnes

Xiao

et al. 2022

Metals

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“…Therefore, it is essential to increase the share of renewable energy in the local power grid. To promote the decarbonization of the LIB supply chain and renewable energy generation of LIB manufacturing, the European Union (EU) policy-makers aim to regulate the LIBs traded on the EU market ( 53 ). In the next sections, we will discuss how and to what extent we can further reduce the carbon footprint and CED of all types of LIBs with different recycling methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it only recovers aluminum during the dismantling of the LIB pack but does not recover lithium and aluminum from the subsequent smelting step. This may present a challenge as the EU proposed to mandate the recycling of valuable metals ( 53 ). Specifically, in descending order, recovery of cathode active material, aluminum, and LiPF 6 constitutes the vast majority of carbon footprint reduced by direct cathode recycling; recovery of cathode active material and aluminum dominates the carbon footprint reduction for hydrometallurgical recycling; Ni(OH) 2 recovery of pyrometallurgical recycling is the major source to reduce carbon footprint.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2021

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“…Ethics and environmental impact management can also be set as a highest-level objective, directly driving subsystem requirements, to help ensure that engineering optimizations are not made in a vacuum and do not cause unintended environmental problems or harm (e.g., Melin et al, 2021). The Environmentally Responsible Company/Entity Ethic section of the International Mining and Minerals Society's Code of Conduct (IMMS, 2011) is a good start, but it could be strengthened.…”

Section: Practical Opportunities For Ethical Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical opportunities in deep‐sea collection of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone

Katona

Paulikas

Stone

2021

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Infrastructure supporting the transition of human societies from fossil fuels to renewable energy will require hundreds of millions of tons of metals. Polymetallic nodules on the abyssal seabed of the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone (CCZ), eastern North Pacific Ocean, could provide them. We focus on ethical considerations and opportunities available to the novel CCZ nodule‐collection industry, integrating robust science with strong pillars of social and environmental responsibility. Ethical considerations include harm to sea life and recovery time, but also the value of human life, indigenous rights, rights of nature, animal rights, intrinsic values, and intangible ecosystem services. A “planetary perspective” considers the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, extends beyond mineral extraction to a life‐cycle view of impacts, and includes local, national, and global impacts and stakeholders. Stakeholders include direct nodule‐collection actors, ocean conservationists, companies, communities, interest groups, nations, and citizens globally, plus counterfactual stakeholders involved with or affected by intensification of terrestrial mining if ocean metals are not used. Nodule collection would harm species and portions of ecosystems, but could have lower life‐cycle impacts than terrestrial mining expansion, especially if nodule‐metal producers explicitly design for it and stakeholders hold them accountable. Participants across the value chain can elevate the role of ethics in strategic objective setting, engineering design optimization, commitments to stakeholders, democratization of governance, and fostering of circular economies. The International Seabed Authority is called to establish equitable and transparent distribution of royalties and gains, and continue engaging scientists, economists, and experts from all spheres in optimizing deep‐sea mineral extraction for humans and nature. Nodule collection presents a unique opportunity for an ambitious reset of ecological norms in a nascent industry. Embracing ethical opportunities can set an example for industrial‐scale activities on land and sea, accelerate environmental gains through environmental competition with land ores, and hasten civilization's progress toward a sustainable future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:634–654. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

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Global implications of the EU battery regulation

Abstract: A much-needed law may have unintended global consequences

Cited by 154 publications

References 5 publications

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Ethical opportunities in deep‐sea collection of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion‐Clipperton Zone

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