Global ocean freshening, ocean mass increase and global mean sea level rise over 2005–2015

Llovel, William; Purkey, Sarah G.; Meyssignac, Benoît; Blazquez, Alejandro; Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas; Bamber, Jonathan

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54239-2

Cited by 50 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The piling up of freshwater in the BG contributes to halosteric changes in sea-level [59,60] and resulted in a rise of the sea level [61]. This is in line with other works in the literature which, investigating salinity-induced sea-level variations, underline the connection between ocean freshening and sea-level rise [62,63], and are in accordance with our results over BG (Figures 2 and 8b). During T2, the dominant forcing over the Arctic changes to AO ( Figure 3b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

et al. 2020

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Sea level change is an important indicator of climate change. Our study focuses on the sea level budget assessment of the Arctic Ocean using: (1) the newly reprocessed satellite altimeter data with major changes in the processing techniques; (2) ocean mass change data derived from GRACE satellite gravimetry; (3) and steric height estimated from gridded hydrographic data for the GRACE/Argo time period (2003–2016). The Beaufort Gyre (BG) and the Nordic Seas (NS) regions exhibit the largest positive trend in sea level during the study period. Halosteric sea level change is found to dominate the area averaged sea level trend of BG, while the trend in NS is found to be influenced by halosteric and ocean mass change effects. Temporal variability of sea level in these two regions reveals a significant shift in the trend pattern centered around 2009–2011. Analysis suggests that this shift can be explained by a change in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns over the Arctic. The sea level budget assessment of the Arctic found a residual trend of more than 1.0 mm/yr. This nonclosure of the sea level budget is further attributed to the limitations of the three above mentioned datasets in the Arctic region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

et al. 2020

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“…For comparison, the respective model and altimetric SSH regionally averaged means are removed. We also decomposed the timeaveraged alongshore gradient of SSH into a mass and steric contribution, and the latter into a thermosteric and halosteric contribution using the modeled fields as in Llovel et al (2019), which is not possible from satellite data.…”

Section: Ancillary Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Upwelling Limitation by Onshore Geostrophic Flow in the Gulf of Guinea Around the Niger River Plume

et al. 2021

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Wind-driven coastal upwelling can be compensated by onshore geostrophic flow, and river plumes are associated with such flow. We investigate possible limitation of the northeast Gulf of Guinea upwelling by the Niger River plume, using regional ocean model simulations with or without river and dynamical upwelling indices. Here, the upwelling is weakened by 50% due to an onshore geostrophic flow equally controlled by alongshore thermosteric and halosteric sea-level changes. The river contributes to only 20% of this flow, as its plume is shallow while upwelling affects coastal temperature and salinity over a larger depth. Moreover, the river-induced mixed-layer thinning compensates the current increase, with no net effect on upwelling. The geostrophic compensation is due to an abrupt change in coastline orientation that creates the upwelling cross-shore front. The river nonetheless warms the upwelling tongue by 1°C, probably due to induced changes in horizontal advection and/or stratification.

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“…Monthly steric contributions to GMSL change from January 2005 to April 2020 are computed from the three Argo data sets. Steric effects from the deep oceans (below 2,000 m) are expected to be small (~0.1 mm/year) (Llovel et al, 2019) and are not included in the present study due to lack of reliable observations. Figure 1a compares GRACE/GFO GMOM estimates with comparable estimates from Altimeter-Argo measurements for the period January 2005 to April 2020.…”

Section: Satellite Altimeter and Argo Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Ocean Mass Change From GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On and Altimeter and Argo Measurements

Chen

Tapley

Wilson

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Satellite altimeter sea surface heights, in combination with Argo ocean temperature and salinity observations, provide an independent measure of global mean ocean mass (GMOM) change. Over the period January 2005 to April 2020, GMOM rates observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GFO) range from 1.88 ± 0.10 to 2.63 ± 0.10 mm/year, compared to 2.85 ± 0.37 mm/year from Altimeter-Argo. Over much of the GRACE era, GRACE GMOM estimates agree well with Altimeter-Argo over a broadband of frequencies. However, during the late stage of the GRACE mission (after August 2016) and into the GFO era, differences between GRACE/GFO and Altimeter-Argo GMOM estimates become substantially larger and systematic, which may be related to the single accelerometer mode of operation during late-stage GRACE and GFO missions and/or errors of Argo and altimeter data.

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Global ocean freshening, ocean mass increase and global mean sea level rise over 2005–2015

Cited by 50 publications

References 58 publications

Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE/Argo Time Period

Coastal Upwelling Limitation by Onshore Geostrophic Flow in the Gulf of Guinea Around the Niger River Plume

Global Ocean Mass Change From GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On and Altimeter and Argo Measurements

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