Global prevalence ofTrichinellain pigs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Background: Investigating the global epidemiological patterns of Trichinella in pigs is required for accurate recognition and to establishing proper control programmes and preventive measures, as well as to decrease human exposure. Objectives: To obtain a better understanding of the global prevalence of Trichinella in domestic pigs and factors that might influence the prevalence, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Multiple databases were used to identify literature published between January 2000 and December 2021, representing studies from 1985 to 2021, on Trichinella prevalence in domestic pigs. Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country Human Development Index (HDI), climate, pig management system, and diagnostic test. Results:The global pooled prevalence based on 60 manuscripts representing 32 countries and 65 pig populations was 2.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-3.62) and the estimated pooled prevalence in different continents ranged from 0.00% to 11.8%.Trichinella was highest in low HDI countries (21.6%; 95% CI: 4.3-47.2), tropical wet Aida Vafae Eslahi and Meysam Olfatifar contributed equally to this study.

Serosurveillance of Trichinella sp. in wild boar and Iberian domestic suids in Mediterranean ecosystems of southwestern Spain

“…In Europe, cross-sectional serological studies in pigs have been carried out only in Croatia (Marinculic et al, 2001), with a described seroprevalence of 5.5% (n = 475), Netherlands (Van der Giessen et al, 2007) with 0.24% (n = 845) and Estonia (Karssin et al, 2016), with no positive sera found (n = 374). Eslahi et al (2022) performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of trichinellosis in domestic pigs, analysing 21 cross-sectional studies in pigs from 17 different countries: pooled seroprevalence was 4.3% (95% CI: 1.1%-9.4%), ranging from 0% in Colombia (Pulido-Villamarín et al, 2019) and Korea (Kim et al, 2015) to 13.4% (25/186) in Nigeria (Ojodale et al, 2015). Since the extensive farming system in which Iberian pigs are raised allowed coexistence of pigs and wild boar in the same habit, transmission from wild boar to Iberian pigs could be possible, as suggested by Papatsiros et al (2020) from their study in Greece and by Kärssin et al (2021), analysing wild and game animals in Estonia.…”

“…Both domestic and wild Suidae are the primary source of Trichinella sp. infection in humans worldwide (Eslahi et al, 2022).…”

“…Eslahi et al. (2022) performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the global prevalence of trichinellosis in domestic pigs, analysing 21 cross‐sectional studies in pigs from 17 different countries: pooled seroprevalence was 4.3% (95% CI: 1.1%–9.4%), ranging from 0% in Colombia (Pulido‐Villamarín et al., 2019) and Korea (Kim et al., 2015) to 13.4% (25/186) in Nigeria (Ojodale et al., 2015). Since the extensive farming system in which Iberian pigs are raised allowed coexistence of pigs and wild boar in the same habit, transmission from wild boar to Iberian pigs could be possible, as suggested by Papatsiros et al.…”

“…Both domestic and wild Suidae are the primary source of Trichinella sp. infection in humans worldwide (Eslahi et al., 2022). There are a variety of key factors that contribute to the current threat of Trichinella sp.…”

“…In the meta‐analysis of Eslahi et al. (2022) on global prevalence of Trichinella sp. in pigs, digestions method positivity was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.0; 2.4) and ELISA, 4.3 (95% CI, 1.1; 9.4).…”