Global Review of the Age Distribution of Rotavirus Disease in Children Aged <5 Years Before the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccination

Abstract

We sought datasets with granular age distributions of rotavirus-positive disease presentations among children &lt;5 years of age, before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. We identified 117 datasets and fit parametric age distributions to each country dataset and mortality stratum. We calculated the median age and the cumulative proportion of rotavirus gastroenteritis events expected to occur at ages between birth and 5.0 years. The median age of rotavirus-positive hospital admissions was 38 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 25–58 weeks) in countries with very high child mortality and 65 weeks (IQR, 40–107 weeks) in countries with very low or low child mortality. In countries with very high child mortality, 69% of rotavirus-positive admissions in children &lt;5 years of age were in the first year of life, with 3% by 10 weeks, 8% by 15 weeks, and 27% by 26 weeks. This information is critical for assessing the potential benefits of alternative rotavirus vaccination schedules in different countries and for monitoring program impact.

Introduction of rotavirus vaccination in Palestine: An evaluation of the costs, impact, and cost-effectiveness of ROTARIX and ROTAVAC

“…We assumed that 52.9% of cases would seek treatment in an outpatient setting based on the latest Palestine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) [18] and that a larger proportion of severe cases would seek treatment in an inpatient setting (80%) based on expert opinion. Finally, we used a recently published global review for disease event age distribution and a rotavirusrelated mortality rate of 2.03 deaths per 100,000 per year in children under five years, which is the median value obtained from three different sources estimating rotavirus deaths [2,19,20]. DALY calculations are based on standard DALY weights and a duration of illness of three and seven days for non-severe and severe rotavirus episodes, respectively [21,22].…”

Genipin inhibits rotavirus-induced diarrhea by suppressing viral replication and regulating inflammatory responses

“…Caco-2 cells were cultured in a 24-well plate at a density of 5 × 10 5 and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with 0.1 μg/μL of LPS in the presence of genipin at serial concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 150 µM/mL and incubated for 24 h. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 1000×g for 5 min, aliquoted, and stored at − 80 °C. To determine the inflammatory inhibition effect of genipin, the Caco-2 cell supernatant was obtained using the same method as above-the nitrate concentration evaluation methods 1and (2). The IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE 2 in the supernatant were determined by an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Biosciences; San Diego, CA, USA).…”

“…To validate the possibility of genipin anti-rotavirus activity, the simian strain SA-11 together with the Wa strain were evaluated in MA104 and Caco-2 cells. These experiments were performed using the same methods as above-the genipin antiviral activity methods (1) and (2). MA104 and Caco-2 cells untreated with genipin were used as a control.…”

“…The minimal genipin concentration for anti-rotavirus activity was determined to be 100 µM/mL. These experiments were performed using the same methods as above-the genipin antiviral activity methods (1) and (2).…”

Estimating the money flow in the economy attributed to rotavirus disease and vaccination in the Netherlands using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework

“…Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a highly prevalent and contagious disease associated with substantial morbidity, mainly occurring in children under the age of 5 years old in those countries that do not include rotavirus vaccination in their national immunization program [1,2]. The Netherlands is still such a country and the number of rotavirus cases per year averages around 73,000 cases, including several fatalities [3,4].…”