Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks

Smith, Katherine F.; Goldberg, Michael E.; Rosenthal, Samantha R; Carlson, Lynn; Chen, Jane; Chen, Cici; Ramachandran, Sohini

doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0950

Cited by 510 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A general increasing trend in disease diversity and outbreak frequency has been observed during recent decades, but the reasons for this are still largely unknown [50]. One contributing factor is the warming climate, which causes changes in disease ecology, outbreak dynamics and seasonality [51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria

Sundberg¹,

Ketola²,

Laanto³

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Although increased disease severity driven by intensive farming practices is problematic in food production, the role of evolutionary change in disease is not well understood in these environments. Experiments on parasite evolution are traditionally conducted using laboratory models, often unrelated to economically important systems. We compared how the virulence, growth and competitive ability of a globally important fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, change under intensive aquaculture. We characterized bacterial isolates from disease outbreaks at fish farms during 2003-2010, and compared F. columnare populations in inlet water and outlet water of a fish farm during the 2010 outbreak. Our data suggest that the farming environment may select for bacterial strains that have high virulence at both long and short time scales, and it seems that these strains have also evolved increased ability for interference competition. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that selection pressures at fish farms can cause rapid changes in pathogen populations, which are likely to have long-lasting evolutionary effects on pathogen virulence. A better understanding of these evolutionary effects will be vital in prevention and control of disease outbreaks to secure food production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria

Sundberg¹,

Ketola²,

Laanto³

et al. 2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…There is a growing body of evidence indicating that some pathogens become more prevalent (Chiaramonte, Munson, & Trushenski, 2016; Sterud et al., 2007) and more virulent at warmer temperatures (Smith et al., 2014). For example, it has been shown that increased expression of virulence factors is correlated with increased temperature in Vibrio species (Mahoney, Gerding, Jones, & Whistler, 2010; Oh, Lee, Lee, & Choi, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad thermal tolerance is negatively correlated with virulence in an opportunistic bacterial pathogen

Ashrafi

Bruneaux

Sundberg

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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Predicting the effects of global increase in temperatures on disease virulence is challenging, especially for environmental opportunistic bacteria, because pathogen fitness may be differentially affected by temperature within and outside host environment. So far, there is very little empirical evidence on the connections between optimal temperature range and virulence in environmentally growing pathogens. Here, we explored whether the virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, is malleable to evolutionary changes via correlated selection on thermal tolerance. To this end, we experimentally quantified the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for maximum biomass yield of 49 F. columnare isolates from eight different geographic locations in Finland over ten years (2003–2012). We also characterized virulence profiles of these strains in a zebra fish (Danio rerio) infection model. We show that virulence among the strains increased over the years, but thermal generalism, and in particular tolerance to higher temperatures, was negatively associated with virulence. Our data suggest that temperature has a strong effect on the pathogen genetic diversity and therefore presumably also on disease dynamics. However, the observed increase in frequency and severity of F. columnare epidemics over the last decade cannot be directly linked to bacterial evolution due to increased mean temperature, but is most likely associated with factors related to increased length of growing season, or other time‐dependent change in environment. Our study demonstrates that complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and the environment influence disease virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic pathogen.

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“…Disease outbreaks -between 1980 and 2013, 12,102 outbreaks of 215 human infectious diseases, including more than 44 million cases, were reported on the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Online Network from 219 nations (Smith et al, 2014). The total number of outbreaks and the diversity of causal diseases (the number of diseases causing outbreaks) have both increased over time (p<0.0001).…”

Section: The Problemmentioning

confidence: 96%

Short-term WASH interventions in emergency responses in low- and middle-income countries

Yates¹,

Allen²,

Joseph³

et al. 2017

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The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding, producing and synthesising high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie systematic reviews 3ie systematic reviews examine available high-quality evidence on the effects of social and economic development interventions in low-and middle-income countries. These reviews follow scientifically recognised review methods, and are peer reviewed and quality assured according to internationally accepted standards. 3ie is providing leadership in demonstrating rigorous review methodologies, such as using theory-based designs, for combining different types of evidence suited to respond to the complex and dynamic contexts and challenges of development. 3ie also publishes summary reports based on the full reviews that are designed for use by policymakers and programme managers. About this summary report InterventionsEmergency WASH interventions differ from development interventions because of the speed, scale and approach that are taken in emergency response activities. The needs of emergency-affected populations are often immediate, requiring rapidly increasing access to water and sanitation services. These situations also require the promotion of activities that may be unfamiliar to the population (e.g. treating water with chlorine for the first time). The main components of emergency WASH interventions include water, sanitation and hygiene interventions. Within the spectrum of WASH, 13 specific interventions common in emergencies have been included in this review: pumping wells flooded with saltwater; well disinfection; large-scale source treatment; small-scale source treatment; chlorine-based household water treatment; filtration-based household water treatment; other household water treatment; latrines and latrine alternatives; hygiene promotion; hygiene kits; environmental hygiene; and multiple WASH interventions carried out as a package. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of these interventions. MethodsA comprehensive and systematic search strategy was developed to identify published and grey literature. Studies were identified by using keywords to search nine peer-reviewed databases and more than 50 responding agency websites. Direct solicitation of individuals and agencies was also conducted through global email lists, conferences and personal contacts.Identified studies were screened by title, abstract and then full text. To be considered for inclusion, interventions needed to be WASH projects carried out within 12 months of a disaster or outbreak, less than 12 months in duration, occurring in a low-and middle-income country (L&MIC) and restricted to 1995-2016. Quantitative (experimental and non-experimental designs) and qualitative methodological designs were eligible, and bo...

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Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks

Cited by 510 publications

References 15 publications

Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria

Intensive aquaculture selects for increased virulence and interference competition in bacteria

Broad thermal tolerance is negatively correlated with virulence in an opportunistic bacterial pathogen

Short-term WASH interventions in emergency responses in low- and middle-income countries

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