Global Transmission Dynamics of Measles in the Measles Elimination Era

Abstract

Although there have been many epidemiological reports of the inter-country transmission of measles, systematic analysis of the global transmission dynamics of the measles virus (MV) is limited. In this study, we applied phylogeographic analysis to characterize the global transmission dynamics of the MV using large-scale genetic sequence data (obtained for 7456 sequences) from 115 countries between 1954 and 2015. These analyses reveal the spatial and temporal characteristics of global transmission of the virus, especially in Australia, China, India, Japan, the UK, and the USA in the period since 1990. The transmission is frequently observed, not only within the same region but also among distant and frequently visited areas. Frequencies of export from measles-endemic countries, such as China, India, and Japan are high but decreasing, while the frequencies from countries where measles is no longer endemic, such as Australia, the UK, and the USA, are low but slightly increasing. The world is heading toward measles eradication, but the disease is still transmitted regionally and globally. Our analysis reveals that countries wherein measles is endemic and those having eliminated the disease (apart from occasional outbreaks) both remain a source of global transmission in this measles elimination era. It is therefore crucial to maintain vigilance in efforts to monitor and eradicate measles globally.

The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections

“…Measles virus (MeV) is an enveloped virus with a negative-stranded RNA genome [87], which can induce autophagy during viral infection, thereby promoting its replication [88,89]. Studies have shown that NDP52 plays an important role in regulating viral replication by binding to MeV-C and MeV-V proteins in MeV-infected cells [90].…”

Topical issues of vaccination and epidemiological surveillance over measles and rubella in Ukraine.

“…На основі геноти-пування доведена передача кору з ендемічних країн. Характерним є перенос інфекції в середині неблагополучних регіонів та між віддаленими, але часто відвідуваними місцевостями [7].…”

Relationship of Measles Cases in Measles Vaccinated Children During Outbreak of Measles in Bahawalpur.

“…Measles epidemics are still going on in various countries with some of the best, and, some of the worst health systems in the world and even those areas where it had been eradicated. 4 Measles is endemic in Pakistan with periodic epidemics. There were more than 8700 cases of measles reported by Pakistan to WHO in 2013 which were maximum cases in a year since 1991.…”

“…5 This epidemic, claimed the maximum casualties when compared with recent outbreaks occurring in other parts of world. 4 2 was mainly affected during the first nine months of 2013.…”