Global warming affects phenology and voltinism of Lobesia botrana in Spain

Abstract

1 Climate change is promoting alterations of a very diverse nature in the life cycle of an array of insect species, including changes in phenology and voltinism. In Spain, there is observational evidence that the moth Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lep.: Tortricidae), a key vine pest that is usually trivoltine in Mediterranean latitudes, tends to advance spring emergence, displaying a partial fourth additional flight, a fact that is potentially attributable to global warming. 2 To verify this hypothesis, local temperatures were correlated with L. botrana phenology in six vine-growing areas of southwestern Spain during the last two decades by exploiting the database of flight curves obtained with sexual pheromone traps. The dates of second and third flight peaks of the moth were calculated for each area and year and then correlated with both time (years) and local temperatures. 3 The results obtained demonstrated a noteworthy trend towards local warming (as a result of global warming) in the last two decades, with mean increases in annual and spring temperatures of 0.9 and 3.0 • C, respectively. Therefore, L. botrana phenology has significantly advanced by more than 12 days. Moreover, the phenological advance contributed to increased moth voltinism in 2006 by promoting a complete fourth additional flight, a fact that has never been reported previously to our knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula. 4 The potential impact of an earlier phenology and increased voltinism in L. botrana is discussed from an agro-ecological perspective.

A review of climate-driven mismatches between interdependent phenophases in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

“…Warming has resulted in an advance in the timing of phenological phases of different crop species (Jones and Davis 2000;Gordo and Sanz 2005;Sadras and Monzon 2006). Pest species that would normally produce several broods per year have further increased the number of generations per season (Gomi et al 2007;Martín-Vertedor et al 2010). Also, there is abundant evidence in aquatic ecosystems for the earlier appearance of plankton attributed to rising temperatures (Edwards and Richardson 2004;Kahru et al 2010;Søreide et al 2010).…”

Climate warming effects on grape and grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) in thePalearcticregion

“…Spain) (Martin-Vertedor et al, 2010) than in cooler areas. We demonstrate this by simulating adult dynamics at six locations in Spain along the −4.375 ∘ longitude at different latitudes during 1990-2010 (Fig.…”

“…Two to three generations occur per year in most areas of Europe with a partial or complete fourth generation accruing in warmer areas . Four and five generations occur in hotter areas of Spain (Martin-Vertedor et al, 2010). Larvae of the first generation damage grapevine inflorescences, with those of subsequent generations damaging green, ripening and mature berries.…”

“…Martin-Vertedor et al (2010) found four and a half generations in western Spain with a partial fifth recorded during 2006. A similar range of generations was predicted from seven locations on a north-south gradient in California and on a north-south gradient in Spain in the present study (Fig.…”

“…Climate warming (and increased CO 2 levels) will likely not only affect development of the grapevine and yield, but also higher trophic levels (Caffarra et al, 2012;Reineke & Thiéry, 2016). Because PBDMs are driven by weather, their application is not time and place specific, and they can readily be extended to examine the effects of climate change scenarios, or historical observations such as those of Martin-Vertedor et al (2010), who found evidence that climate warming during 1984-2006 in six vine-growing areas of western Spain caused earliness of adult flights of more than 12 days and increased voltinism.…”