Globalization of the automobile industry in China: dynamics and barriers in greening of the road transportation

Air pollution and population health: a global challenge

“…To the contrary, in countries in transition, levels of NO 2 and O 3 tend to increase due to the increased number of motor vehicles. Megacities where annual average NO 2 exceeded the WHO air quality criteria of 40 lg/m 3 were Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, Osaka, New York, Los Angeles, San Paulo and Mexico, while in New Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta the annual average NO 2 concentrations were lower than 40 lg/m 3 [5]. Ozone and some of its precursors are transported long distances and across borders (transboundary movements) in the atmosphere, and so they can be considered to be a regional and even a global problem.…”

A scenario analysis of Beijing's private traffic patterns

“…This gives private car ownership a chance to develop rapidly to meet the requirement of citizen transportation. The motorization of private traffic patterns, in consequence, will further promote the sprawling of city development [22].…”

“…Increase in the use of private vehicles is largely the result of government policy to promote economic development through automobile sector growth and infrastructure development [22,23]. In the mid1980s, the restriction on purchasing private cars was abolished and the production of cars was regarded as an important task of the auto industry to accomplish this goal.…”

“…Beijing Municipal Government, who also regarded production and consumption of private car as an important economic pillar, has adopted similar policies. To realize the objective, Beijing Municipal Government has adopted a number of policies to stimulate the use of private vehicles, such as provision of car mortgage and deduction of relevant fees for vehicle use, lengthening the use life of passenger cars from 10 to 15 years [22] and providing officials with an allowance to buy private cars. These policies largely reflect the official desire to develop a car-based transport system.…”

Urban Road Transportation Externalities: Costs and Choice of Policy Instruments

“…For example, in China the total number of registered motor vehicles has increased more than 11 times from 2 to 25 million between 1980(Gan 2003. In India, between 1981 and, the size of the bus fleet quadrupled, the number of motorcycles increased 16-fold, the number of cars increased sevenfold, and the number of goods vehicles increased five-fold (Pucher and others 2005).…”