Glucagon-like peptide 1 increases the period of postprandial satiety and slows gastric emptying in obese men

Abstract

The gut peptide glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide (GLP-1) is released into the circulation after food intake. GLP-1 has been shown to have an incretin effect and inhibits gastrointestinal motility in humans. In rats, intracerebral administration of GLP-1 results in reduced food intake. Obese humans have been found to have an attenuated plasma GLP-1 response to a mixed meal. To approximate the physiologic state, GLP-1 or saline was administered intravenously and randomly at the beginning of a test meal served on a universal eating monitor to 6 obese subjects to test our hypothesis that GLP-1 influences termination of food intake (and thus food intake during a meal) and feelings of satiety in humans. As a marker for gastric emptying, 1.5 g acetaminophen was given at the start of the meal. Blood samples for analysis of acetaminophen, insulin, glucose, glucagon, and C-peptide were obtained. Hunger, fullness, and food choice were assessed with visual analogue scales and food-choice questionnaires. GLP-1 infusion resulted in a prolonged period of reduced feelings of hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption after the meal. The rate of gastric emptying was slower during infusion of GLP-1. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were reduced during the GLP-1 infusion, but the amount of energy consumed, eating rate, and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide were unchanged. GLP-1 given exogenously at the start of a meal did not seem to affect meal termination or the amount of food eaten. However, postprandial feelings of hunger decreased, suggesting that exogenous GLP-1 may influence feelings of hunger and satiety in humans.

Effect of carbohydrate digestibility on appetite and its relationship to postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels

“…Gastric distension and gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been mentioned as important determinants of appetite (Naslund et al, 1998;Peters and Mela, 2008). It is, however, unclear how either of these can explain the difference in appetite responses between LCP and MCP.…”

Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men.

“…These results extend and con®rm those seen in our previous study, where GLP-1 was infused for four hours in obese subjects. 15 In that study, GLP-1 infusion was initiated at the start of a test meal and appetite ratings were monitored for four hours. No difference was seen in energy intake parameters, but postprandial hunger ratings were lower during GLP-1 compared to saline infusions.…”

“…No effect of GLP-1 was seen on food intake parameters. 15 The aim of the present study was therefore to extend these studies and to examine if GLP-1 administered intravenously for 8 h to obese humans, affects appetite and energy intake at an anticipated meal. In order to study one possible mechanism of GLP-1 action on food intake, the rate of gastric emptying was studied using a paracetamol absorption technique.…”

Dose–response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra™) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption

“…However, as the 'ileal-brake' has been shown to be dosedependent (Pironi et al, 1993), this is compatible with the present results, given that when dose levels of Olibra TM fat increased, energy and macronutrient intakes were further lowered. Thus, it may be that Olibra TM is acting through an increased and prolonged release of peptides such as peptide YY (Pironi et al, 1993), cholecystokinin (Lieverse et al, 1994;Smith & Gibbs, 1994), glucagon-like peptide-1 (Naslund et al, 1998;Giralt & Vergara, 1999), or enterostatin (ErlansonAlbertson & York, 1997;Lin et al, 1997) which are known to influence satiety through the 'ileal-brake'.…”