GLIP has an antidiabetogenic effect, and it may therefore be useful in the treatment of patients with NIDDM:

ke Sjöholm. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) for four hours, to normal weight and obese humans, decreases food intake and suppresses appetite. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an eight hour infusion of GLP-1 on appetite and energy intake at lunch and dinner in obese subjects. DESIGN: Randomised, blinded cross-over design with intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (0.75 pmol Á kg 71 Á min 71 ) or saline. SUBJECTS: Eight obese (body mass index, BMI, 45.5 AE 2.3 kgam 2 ) male subjects. MEASUREMENTS: Ad libitum energy intake at lunch (12.00 h) and dinner (16.00 h) after an energy ®xed breakfast (2.4 MJ) at 08.00 h. Appetite sensations using visual analogue scales, (VAS) immediately before and after meals and hourly in-between. Blood samples for the analysis of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1 and peptide YY. Gastric emptying after breakfast and lunch using a paracetamol absorption technique. RESULTS: Hunger ratings were signi®cantly lower with GLP-1 infusion. The summed ad libitum energy intake at lunch and dinner was reduced by 1.7 AE 0.5 MJ (21 AE 6%) by GLP-1 infusion (P 0.01). Gastric emptying was delayed by GLP-1 infusion, and plasma glucose concentrations decreased (baseline: 6.6 AE 0.35 mmolaL; nadir: 5.3 AE 0.15 mmolaL). No nausea was recorded during GLP-1 infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that GLP-1 decreases feelings of hunger and reduces energy intake in obese humans. One possible mechanism for this ®nding might be an increased satiety primarily mediated by gastric vagal afferent signals.

The gut peptide glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide (GLP-1) is released into the circulation after food intake. GLP-1 has been shown to have an incretin effect and inhibits gastrointestinal motility in humans. In rats, intracerebral administration of GLP-1 results in reduced food intake. Obese humans have been found to have an attenuated plasma GLP-1 response to a mixed meal. To approximate the physiologic state, GLP-1 or saline was administered intravenously and randomly at the beginning of a test meal served on a universal eating monitor to 6 obese subjects to test our hypothesis that GLP-1 influences termination of food intake (and thus food intake during a meal) and feelings of satiety in humans. As a marker for gastric emptying, 1.5 g acetaminophen was given at the start of the meal. Blood samples for analysis of acetaminophen, insulin, glucose, glucagon, and C-peptide were obtained. Hunger, fullness, and food choice were assessed with visual analogue scales and food-choice questionnaires. GLP-1 infusion resulted in a prolonged period of reduced feelings of hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption after the meal. The rate of gastric emptying was slower during infusion of GLP-1. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were reduced during the GLP-1 infusion, but the amount of energy consumed, eating rate, and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide were unchanged. GLP-1 given exogenously at the start of a meal did not seem to affect meal termination or the amount of food eaten. However, postprandial feelings of hunger decreased, suggesting that exogenous GLP-1 may influence feelings of hunger and satiety in humans.

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