ke Sjöholm. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease.

The thermal conductivity (κ) of suspended graphene membranes made by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was measured by micro-Raman mapping. Cracks and wrinkles present in these suspended graphene membranes were identified by micro-Raman mapping, and κ values and their statistics were obtained on membranes free of such imperfections in a single mapping. Based on this new technique, an average κ value of 1875 ± 220 W m(-1) K(-1) at 420 K was measured on 26 suspended graphene membranes that were free of wrinkles, ~27% higher than the average value measured from 12 graphene membranes with wrinkles. These results suggest that the variation in published thermal conductivity values for suspended graphene samples could, at least in part, be due to the presence or absence of wrinkles.

We consider the evolution of small amplitude, long wavelength initial data by a polyatomic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice differential equation whose material properties vary periodically. Using the methods of homogenization theory, we prove rigorous estimates that show that the solution breaks up into the linear superposition of two appropriately scaled and modulated counterpropagating waves, each of which solves a Korteweg-de Vries equation, plus a small error. The estimates are valid over very long time scales.

In mammals, type I IFNs (mainly IFN-α/β) are primarily regulated by transcription factors of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family. Fish IFNs do not show a one-to-one orthologous relationship with mammalian type I IFN homologues. Using a bacterial one-hybrid reporter screening system and an overexpression approach to explore the molecular mechanism underlying fish IFN induction, we identified zebrafish Danio rerio IRF (DrIRF)1 as a positive regulator of the fish IFN antiviral response. Among 12 zebrafish IRF family genes, DrIRF1 is most abundant in zebrafish immune tissues, including head kidney and spleen; upon virus infection, it is one of most significantly induced genes. Overexpression of DrIRF1 induces the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes, hence protecting epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells against spring viremia of carp virus infection. As a transcription factor with constitutively nuclear retention, DrIRF1 directly binds to the IFN-stimulated regulatory element/IRF-binding element sites of zebrafish IFN promoters, which are dependent on four conserved amino acids of the N-terminal DNA-binding domain helix α3 motif. Mutation of either residue reveals a differential requirement for DrIRF1-mediated activation of zebrafish IFNϕ1 and IFNϕ3 promoters. Notably, C-terminal phosphorylation of DrIRF1 is observed and is not required for in vitro binding of DrIRF1 to fish IFN promoters. Unlike DrIRF3 and DrIRF7, which are responsible for differential expression of zebrafish IFNϕ1 and IFNϕ3 through the retinoic acid–inducible gene I–like receptor pathway, DrIRF1 works in concert with MyD88 to activate zebrafish IFNϕ3 but not IFNϕ1. These results provide insights into the evolving function of IRF1 as a positive IFN regulator.