Glucose regulation in captivePongo pygmaeus abeli, P. p. pygmaeus,andP. p. abeli x P. p. pygmaeusorangutans

Gresl, Theresa A.; Baum, Scott; Kemnitz, Joseph W.

doi:10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:3<193::aid-zoo3>3.0.co;2-m

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…35 It has even been reported that orangutans have a propensity for developing diabetes. 11 Captive orangutans are generally fed a diet based on commercially manufactured primate biscuits and readily available produce. Primate biscuits, a nutritionally complete feed, are an important part of animal diets because they deliver essential nutrients to the animals in the appropriate concentrations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Digestibility by the Orangutan (Pongo Abelii): In Vitro and in Vivo

Schmidt

Kerley²,

Dempsey³

et al. 2005

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Limited nutritional information exists on diets of free-ranging orangutans, Pongo abelii and P. pygmaeus. Although they are classified as frugivores, the chemical composition of their diet and their gastrointestinal anatomy suggest that they rely on fiber fermentation for a substantial portion of energy. However, the extent to which they can ferment fiber is not known. Continuous culture systems, inoculated with orangutan fecal bacteria, were established to determine the fiber-digesting capacity of orangutan hindgut microflora. The cultures received one of four treatments: soybean hulls, ground corncobs, corn starch, or no food. Neither dry matter nor neutral detergent fiber digestibilities differed significantly among treatments. However, neutral detergent fiber digestibilities were high for both the soybean hull (88.4%) and ground corncob (86.1%) treatments, indicating that the microflora had a strong fibrolytic capability. To determine whether the same fiber-degrading capacity occurred in vivo, two adult orangutans and one juvenile were fed four gel-matrix diets containing soybean hulls, ground corncobs, or ground primate biscuits. Neutral detergent fiber concentrations (dry matter basis) of the gel matrices were 52.9% with soybean hulls, 46.8% and 63.7% with ground corncobs, and 31.3% with ground primate biscuits. A fifth diet consisted of primate biscuits with 27.3% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis) and was considered the baseline diet. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (74.5%) was greatest (P < 0.05) for the soybean hull gel diet and least (57.5% and 45.0%, respectively; P < 0.05) for the 63.7% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis) corncob gel diet and the baseline primate biscuit diet. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations in orangutan feces were not significantly different among diets; however, molar proportions of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid differed (P < 0.05) among diets. The results from both studies indicated that orangutans are capable of extensive fiber fermentation.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Digestibility by the Orangutan (Pongo Abelii): In Vitro and in Vivo

Schmidt

Kerley²,

Dempsey³

et al. 2005

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…278 Fasting insulin and glucose and glucose tolerance testing of 30 orangutans identified 2 diabetic animals, a male and a female (both 30 yo), and 2 prediabetic animals (a 40 yo female and an 18 yo male). 102 All were overweight, although weight alone or age did not correlate with fasting insulin and glucose levels. The authors concluded that captive orangutans may be prone to glucose intolerance and diabetes.…”

Section: Obesity Metabolic Syndrome and Type II Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.

show abstract

“…Fat depots provide additional energy stores to sustain males in the quest for food and mates, and in fighting with other males during reproductive times (Knott, 1998). Enhanced capacity to accumulate fat in captivity-due to reduced activity and steady food supply-makes captive orangutans particularly prone to obesity and diabetes mellitus (Gresl et al, 2000). It appears that the great apes have the potential to put on body fat, but orangutans carry this ability to an extreme because of more frequent fluctuations in quality of food.…”

Section: Body Composition and Individual Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Zihlman

McFarland

Underwood

2011

The Anatomical Record

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Great apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobility for vertical climbing and reaching while maintaining joint stability during quadrupedal locomotion. The heavily muscled hind limbs are equipped for propulsion and weight-bearing over relatively stable substrates on the forest floor. In contrast, orangutan forelimb length, muscle mass, and joint construction are modified for strength and mobility in climbing, bridging, and traveling over flexible supports through the forest canopy. Muscles of hip, knee, and ankle joints provide rotational and prehensile strength essential for moving on unstable and discontinuous branches. We conclude that anatomical similarities are due to common ancestry and that differences in postcranial anatomy reflect powerful selection for divergent locomotor adaptations. These data further support the evolutionary conclusion that gorillas fall with chimpanzees and humans as part of the African hominoid radiation; orangutans are a specialized outlier. Anat Rec, 294:1842Rec, 294: -1855Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

show abstract

Glucose regulation in captivePongo pygmaeus abeli, P. p. pygmaeus,andP. p. abeli x P. p. pygmaeusorangutans

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Fiber Digestibility by the Orangutan (Pongo Abelii): In Vitro and in Vivo

Fiber Digestibility by the Orangutan (Pongo Abelii): In Vitro and in Vivo

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About