It has been shown that danazol (14-ethinyltestosterone) induces hyperglucagonaemia. To investigate the effect of chronic glucagon excess on carbohydrate metabolism, we studied six patients before and after treatment with danazol for immunothrombopenia. Glucose tolerance and insulin, C-peptide and glucagon secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) as well as peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity were determined by means of euglycaemic clamp technique (40 mU m-2 min-1) before and after 3 months of danazol therapy. Overall glucose turnover (Rd) was assessed radioisotopically. (1) Plasma glucagon levels rose significantly from 88 +/- 16 pg mL-1 before to 683 +/- 148 pg mL-1 after therapy (P < 0.01). (2) Glucose levels during an oGTT were not significantly different before and after therapy. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at 60 and 120 min and the area under the curve (AUC) for insulin during the oGTT, were significantly increased after danazol treatment compared with pre-treatment values (P < 0.05), whereas glucagon secretion showed a similar decrease at both time points of investigation (NS). (3) Rd during steady state showed a significant decrease during the entire period of euglycaemic clamp following therapy (after 240 min, 3.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.7 mg kg-1 min-1, P < 0.05). The decline in glucagon during the clamp was similar during steady state before and after therapy. (4) Basal hepatic glucose output did not differ significantly before and after therapy (1.74 +/- 0.41 vs. 1.45 +/- 0.22 mg kg-1, NS), whereas hepatic glucose output during the clamp was significantly less suppressed after danazol therapy. The authors conclude that chronic glucagon excess leads to a decrease in peripheral and hepatic insulin action which is accompanied by an increase in insulin secretion.
