Glutathione and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) redox status in plasma and placental tissue of Saudi patients with intrauterine growth restriction

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the oxidation state and gene expression profiles of relevant enzymes in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Current case-control study involved plasma and placental tissue samples from 25 IUGR patients and 25 healthy pregnant (HP) women attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between April and November 2017. We compared hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, malondialdehyde, and oxidative stress markers levels and the activities of glutathione-related enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GR], glutathione S-transferase [GST], glutamate cysteine ligase [GCL], glutathione synthetase [GS], reduced glutathione [GSH], oxidized glutathione [GSSG], and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ], and reduced NAD [NADH]) between the 2 groups. We also compared differential expression levels of glutathione-related enzyme genes using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Oxidative stress markers significantly differed in IUGR samples, while GSH levels and GPx, GR, GST, GCL, and GS activities and their placental mRNA transcriptional levels were significantly lower. Plasma and placental NAD + levels were also significantly lower, while NADH levels were significantly higher, causing lowered NAD + -NADH ratios in the IUGR group compared to control. Conclusions: Intrauterine growth restriction patients show a metabolic shift in favor of oxidation compared to HP women.

Suppression of Fas expression in the hypertensive placental histology of rast given Nano herbal of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves

“…Perhaps NRT, like glutathione, plays a role in maintaining the biological value of germ cells; it has been linked to the fertilization process and early embryo development. Fortunately, glutathione can be recycled by the body if it is properly optimized, and it can also be destroyed (Aljaser et al, 2021). Oxidative stress in the placenta and foetus may be exacerbated by a lack of nutrients and oxygen (Wu et al, 2012).…”

Comprehensive investigations of key mitochondrial metabolic changes in senescent human fibroblasts

“…Cultured human foreskin fibroblasts offer a successful model which has been extensively used in our laboratory to study intracellular metabolic changes associated with the decline of the antioxidant capacity with age, venom toxicity and its effect on the molecular, and metabolic activity of tissue and the status of oxidative stress markers in placental tissue of patients with several types of reproductive disease [ 27 , 29 , 31 - 34 , 44 , 45 ]. Fibroblasts exhibit rich metabolic activity, and the results obtained can be used to understand underlying mechanisms in other tissues.…”

Effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress on the cellular redox state and mitochondrial energy homeostasis in rat adipose tissue: A comprehensive metabolic study

“…Reactions were usually initiated by the addition of the AT sonicate, and the absorbance of products or byproducts of the coupled enzymatically catalyzed reactions, and standard solutions wherever required, were monitored at the appropriate UV/visible wavelengths. Extensive details of all procedures were previously documented by us 13,14,25,26 …”

“…The OS can be established by measuring the generation and levels of superoxide anions, H 2 O 2 , lipid peroxides, and total protein carbonyls. Additionally, the activities of the key antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT and those related to glutathione metabolism, the main cytosolic antioxidant, including Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and glutathione synthetase (GS) provide information regarding OS and the antioxidant capacity 13,14 …”