Gluten intolerance and autism spectrum disorders: a pathological tandem?

Association Between Celiac Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

“…After screening of abstracts, review of full texts, and examination of reference lists of included papers and review articles, 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified (Fig. 1) (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). Studies originated from various geographic locations including Europe, Asia, South America, and North America.…”

“…Thirteen studies investigated for CD within a sample of patients with ASD, with case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort designs (Table 1) (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Nine studies did not report any cases of CD within their respective ASD samples (representing 572 patients with ASD) (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)30,(33)(34)(35). Four studies reported the presence of CD in an ASD sample (representing 21 CD cases out of 735) (28,29,31,32).…”

“…Definitions of ASD varied among these studies, including infantile autism (23,25,26,29,34,35), Asperger's syndrome (28,34), pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (28), and/or ASD in general (24,27,(30)(31)(32)(33). Measures used to confirm ASD also differed, including Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (III, IV, or V) criteria (23,27,30,32,35), survey responses (28,29), International Classification of Diseases coding (24), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (26,31), or not clearly stated (25,33,34). Measures used to confirm CD included serological positivity and/or biopsy-confirmation (23,(25)(26)(27)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), survey-responses (28,29), or not clearly stated (24,35).…”

“…Measures used to confirm ASD also differed, including Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (III, IV, or V) criteria (23,27,30,32,35), survey responses (28,29), International Classification of Diseases coding (24), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (26,31), or not clearly stated (25,33,34). Measures used to confirm CD included serological positivity and/or biopsy-confirmation (23,(25)(26)(27)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), survey-responses (28,29), or not clearly stated (24,35). All studies examining samples of patients with ASD had a male preponderance, ranging from 52.9% to 90.0% of the sample (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35).…”

Composite flour production and assessment of the safety quality of gluten-free bread

“…The development of gluten-free products and their inclusion in patients' diets is an urgent issue and requires further study. The significant increase in the incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among the child population in recent years, the lack of efficacy of traditional treatment approaches, and the search for new therapies have led to renewed interest in supplementing therapeutic techniques with dietary therapies (Bavykina et al, 2017(Bavykina et al, , 2019. The use of gluten-free (GFD) and casein-free (CFD) diets in ASD is not officially regulated by international protocols for the management of patients.…”