Glycine-betaine-derived ionic liquids: Synthesis, characterization and ecotoxicological evaluation

Ecotoxicity of Mixtures of IL and Lithium Salt

“…After exposing the bacteria to each different IL or IL+salt solutions (from 0 to 81.9%) at 5, 15 and 30 min, the light output was measured and compared with a blank control sample. The concentration of the sample (mg L −1 ) which produces a 50%, 20% and 10% luminescence inhibition after exposure at the three selected times (5, 15 and 30 min) is designated as the Effective Concentration (EC50, EC20 and EC10 respectively) and is calculated, together with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals, through a non-linear regression, using the least-squares method to fit the data to the logistic equation [11]. Figure 1 shows the behavior of % of luminescence relative to control Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria versus concentration, of C4C1pyrr TFSI and C4C1pyrr TFSI + TFSI 1.5 m mixture.…”

“…[10] Therefore, it is urgent to establish evaluation procedures to estimate the toxicity of ILs that can provide the needed information without taking too long and reducing the costs. Aliivibrio fischeri (A. fischeri) is a well-known marine luminescent bacterium with short reproductive cycle, and the toxicity inference for A. fischeri may be extrapolated for a wide variety of aquatic organisms and thus can be effectively applied for toxicological risk assessment [11,12].…”

Multiproduct Microalgae Biorefineries Mediated by Ionic Liquids

“…The results depicted represent the (logarithmic function) EC 50 data obtained by Microtox (toxicity against Allivibrio fischeri) at 15 min of exposure. Data were collected from literature for imidazolium [95], pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, and piperidinium [95], phosphonium [96], morpholinium [97], guanidinium [96], cholinium, [98], and betainium [99]. Abbreviations: GHS, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemicals; IL, ionic liquid.…”

Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Ethylammonium Nitrate and Aluminium Salt Mixture

“…The light output of the luminescent bacteria following 5, 15 and 30 min of exposure was read and compared to that of a blank control. Concentrations promoting 50, 20 and 10% of luminescence inhibition (EC50, EC20 and EC10), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated through a non-linear regression, using the least-squares method to fit the data to the logistic equation [17].…”