Glycogen with short average chain length enhances bacterial durability

Wang, Liang; Wise, Michael J.

doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0832-x

Cited by 85 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Therefore, it is likely that the characteristics and abundance of gBE and other GH enzymes determine the levels and types of monomers and polymers of carbohydrates inside microorganisms and are free in the gut. To better determine the functions of glycogen-degrading enzymes, future work should evaluate the effect of glycogen average chain length, a core factor that influences glycogen metabolic rates and import/export to and from microorganisms (Wang and Wise, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene-targeted metagenomic analysis of glucan-branching enzyme gene profiles among human and animal fecal microbiota

Lee

Cantarel²,

Henrissat

et al. 2013

The ISME Journal

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Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), the enzymes that breakdown complex carbohydrates, are a highly diversified class of key enzymes associated with the gut microbiota and its metabolic functions. To learn more about the diversity of GHs and their potential role in a variety of gut microbiomes, we used a combination of 16S, metagenomic and targeted amplicon sequencing data to study one of these enzyme families in detail. Specifically, we employed a functional gene-targeted metagenomic approach to the 1-4-a-glucan-branching enzyme (gBE) gene in the gut microbiomes of four host species (human, chicken, cow and pig). The characteristics of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and operational glucan-branching units (OGBUs) were distinctive in each of hosts. Human and pig were most similar in OTUs profiles while maintaining distinct OGBU profiles. Interestingly, the phylogenetic profiles identified from 16S and gBE gene sequences differed, suggesting the presence of different gBE genes in the same OTU across different vertebrate hosts. Our data suggest that gene-targeted metagenomic analysis is useful for an in-depth understanding of the diversity of a particular gene of interest. Specific carbohydrate metabolic genes appear to be carried by distinct OTUs in different individual hosts and among different vertebrate species' microbiomes, the characteristics of which differ according to host genetic background and/or diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene-targeted metagenomic analysis of glucan-branching enzyme gene profiles among human and animal fecal microbiota

Lee

Cantarel²,

Henrissat

et al. 2013

The ISME Journal

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“…These data indicate that in Synechocystis glycogen synthesis plays a more decisive role in the metabolic changes during the acclimation response and in viability maintenance during starvation periods than the other carbon reserve PHB. The long survival time of Synechocystis correlates with the small average chain length of cyanobacterial glycogen and sustains glycogen's global role as a durable energy reserve that is essential for bacterial survival and persistence to stress conditions (Preiss, 1984;Wang & Wise, 2011).…”

Section: Glycogen's Essential Role In Stress Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic overflow reactions and affects stress responses in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

et al. 2012

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The biosynthesis of glycogen or starch is one of the main strategies developed by living organisms for the intracellular storage of carbon and energy. In phototrophic organisms, such polyglucans accumulate due to carbon fixation during photosynthesis and are used to provide maintenance energy for cell integrity, function and viability in dark periods. Moreover, it is assumed that glycogen enables cyanobacteria to cope with transient starvation conditions, as observed in most micro-organisms. Here, glycogen accumulates when an appropriate carbon source is available in sufficient amounts but growth is inhibited by lack of other nutrients. In this study, the role of glycogen in energy and carbon metabolism of phototrophic cyanobacteria was first analysed via a comparative physiological and metabolic characterization of knockout mutants defective in glycogen synthesis. We first proved the role of glycogen as a respiratory substrate in periods of darkness, the role of glycogen as a reserve to survive starvation periods such as nitrogen depletion and the role of glycogen synthesis as an ameliorator of carbon excess conditions in the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We provide striking new insights into the complex carbon and nitrogen metabolism of non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria: a phenotype of sensitivity to photomixotrophic conditions and of reduced glucose uptake, a non-bleaching phenotype based on an impaired acclimation response to nitrogen depletion and furthermore a phenotype of energy spilling. This study shows that the analysis of deficiencies in glycogen metabolism is a valuable tool for the identification of metabolic regulatory principles and signals.

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“…An overview of the knowledge on glycogen and other bacterial intracellular storage polysaccharides is beyond the scope of this review, and the reader is referred to existing reviews (79,80).…”

Section: Bacterial Glycoconjugatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Tytgat

Lebeer

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

129

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SUMMARY Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.

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Glycogen with short average chain length enhances bacterial durability

Cited by 85 publications

References 86 publications

Gene-targeted metagenomic analysis of glucan-branching enzyme gene profiles among human and animal fecal microbiota

Gene-targeted metagenomic analysis of glucan-branching enzyme gene profiles among human and animal fecal microbiota

Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic overflow reactions and affects stress responses in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

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