Glycosaminoglycans of human bone tissue

Vejlens, Lars

doi:10.1007/bf02061945

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Proteoglycans or GAGs, which have strong water-binding capabilities and have been detected in shells [ 29 ], may function as the gel-like substance [ 44 ]. In the nacre and the secretory cells of the mantle pallium of P. f. martensii , we found large amounts of acidic GAGs, which have also been detected in coral [ 45 ] and bone [ 46 ]. This finding argues that the acidic GAGs may also play a key role in crystal nucleation during nacre formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii genome and multi-omic analyses provide insights into biomineralization

et al. 2017

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Nacre, the iridescent material found in pearls and shells of molluscs, is formed through an extraordinary process of matrix-assisted biomineralization. Despite recent advances, many aspects of the biomineralization process and its evolutionary origin remain unknown. The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii is a well-known master of biomineralization, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie its production of shells and pearls are not fully understood. We sequenced the highly polymorphic genome of the pearl oyster and conducted multi-omic and biochemical studies to probe nacre formation. We identified a large set of novel proteins participating in matrix-framework formation, many in expanded families, including components similar to that found in vertebrate bones such as collagen-related VWA-containing proteins, chondroitin sulfotransferases, and regulatory elements. Considering that there are only collagen-based matrices in vertebrate bones and chitin-based matrices in most invertebrate skeletons, the presence of both chitin and elements of collagen-based matrices in nacre suggests that elements of chitin- and collagen-based matrices have deep roots and might be part of an ancient biomineralizing matrix. Our results expand the current shell matrix-framework model and provide new insights into the evolution of diverse biomineralization systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii genome and multi-omic analyses provide insights into biomineralization

et al. 2017

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“…Unlike other biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, GAGs are produced as a result of non-template-driven synthesis and, thus, are highly heterogeneous. Of the four different groups of GAGs (heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate (KS), and hyaluronic acid), CS and KS are the most abundant in bone [ 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ]. Other than serving a structural role, GAGs, such as heparan sulfate (HS), are important modulators of cells and their interaction with growth factors [ 116 , 117 ].…”

Section: The Extracellular Matrix Of Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

The Components of Bone and What They Can Teach Us about Regeneration

Nurcombe

Cool

et al. 2017

Materials

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The problem of bone regeneration has engaged both physicians and scientists since the beginning of medicine. Not only can bone heal itself following most injuries, but when it does, the regenerated tissue is often indistinguishable from healthy bone. Problems arise, however, when bone does not heal properly, or when new tissue is needed, such as when two vertebrae are required to fuse to stabilize adjacent spine segments. Despite centuries of research, such procedures still require improved therapeutic methods to be devised. Autologous bone harvesting and grafting is currently still the accepted benchmark, despite drawbacks for clinicians and patients that include limited amounts, donor site morbidity, and variable quality. The necessity for an alternative to this “gold standard” has given rise to a bone-graft and substitute industry, with its central conundrum: what is the best way to regenerate bone? In this review, we dissect bone anatomy to summarize our current understanding of its constituents. We then look at how various components have been employed to improve bone regeneration. Evolving strategies for bone regeneration are then considered.

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“…Further experiments verified that HA chain-chain association indeed occurred in solution. Moreover, studies proposed that hydrogen bonding between adjacent saccharides occurred alongside mutual electrostatic repulsion between carboxyl groups, thus stiffening HA networks [4, 7, 23]. Viscoelasticity of HA can be tied to these molecular interactions which are also dependent on concentration and molecular weight.…”

Section: Properties Of Hyaluronic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications and emerging trends of hyaluronic acid in tissue engineering, as a dermal filler and in osteoarthritis treatment

2013

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer with a variety of applications in medicine including scaffolding for tissue engineering, dermatological fillers, and viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis treatment. HA is available in most connective tissues in body fluids such as synovial fluid and the vitreous humor of the eye. HA is responsible for several structural properties of tissues as a component of extracellular matrix (ECM) and is involved in cellular signaling. Degradation of HA is a step-wise process that can occur via enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions. A reduction in HA mass or molecular weight via degradation or slowing of synthesis affects physical and chemical properties such as tissue volume, viscosity, and elasticity. This review addresses the distribution, turnover, and tissue-specific properties of HA. This information is used as context for considering recent products and strategies for modifying the viscoelastic properties of HA in tissue engineering, as a dermal filler, and in osteoarthritis treatment.

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Glycosaminoglycans of human bone tissue

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii genome and multi-omic analyses provide insights into biomineralization

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii genome and multi-omic analyses provide insights into biomineralization

The Components of Bone and What They Can Teach Us about Regeneration

Applications and emerging trends of hyaluronic acid in tissue engineering, as a dermal filler and in osteoarthritis treatment

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