Glycosmis pentaphylla (Rutaceae): A Natural Candidate for the Isolation of Potential Bioactive Arborine and Skimmianine Compounds for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Several multidrug-resistant organisms have emerged, which increases the threat to public health around the world and a limited number of therapeutics were available to counteract these issues. Thus, researchers are trying to find out novel antimicrobials to overcome multidrug-resistant issues. The present study aimed to isolate antibacterial principles against the clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus from the ethyl acetate extract of Gycosmis pentaphylla. The isolation and structural characterization of bioactive compounds were carried out using various chromatographic techniques (TLC, column, HPLC, and LC-MS) and spectral studies such as FT-IR, CHNS analysis, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR. The antimicrobial potential of isolated compounds was assessed according to the standard methods. The isolated compounds were identified as arborine and skimmianine, which exhibited a significant antibacterial effect with the lowest MIC and MBC values against MDR S. aureus and in vitro kinetic and protein leakage assays supported the antimicrobial activity. Significant morphological changes such as uneven cell surfaces and morphology, cell shrinkage, and cell membrane damages were observed in the MDR S. aureus upon the treatment of arborine and skimmianine. The present investigation concludes that the isolated arborine and skimmianine compounds from G. pentaphylla harbor a strong antibacterial activity against MDR S. aureus and may be used as alternative natural drugs in the treatment of MDR S. aureus.

Studies on the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites and Evaluation of Biological Activity of In Vitro Cultures of Ruta montana L. in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors

“…The presence of a high content of xanthotoxin, followed by bergapten, psoralen, γ -fagarine, and catechins, likely justifies the efficacy of these extracts [ 41 , 42 ]. The good activity of the 0.5/0.5 LS medium against all the Staphylococcus strains can be due to the high content of xanthotoxin, followed by bergapten and skimmianine [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Coumarins have the ability to bind to the B subunit of DNA gyrase in bacteria and can inhibit DNA supercoiling by blocking the ATPase activity [ 45 ].…”

Ki-67 pulmonary immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: Size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

“…In the present study, G. pentaphylla extracts of stems and leaves showed obvious antimicrobial as well as antioxidant activities due to the presence of many valuable compounds such as phenolics, saponins, alkaloids and tannins. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of these extracts is associated with a high content of flavonoids [46] . Different previous studies were concerned with studying the hepatoprotective effect of vigor of C. edulis and G. pentaphylla [34] , [38] , [4] , [53] .…”

“…Furthermore, it was recorded as an antifungal regimen in addition to its activity in cancer treatment [36] , [59] . G. pentaphylla leaf extract was recorded to have antioxidants and antimicrobial activity against different infectious diseases [47] . However, there are no recent researches regarding the therapeutic index of G. pentaphylla leaves extract on AgNPs induced lung injury, the current study evaluates the promising therapeutic potential against AgNPs induced lung toxicity.…”

Ruta chalepensis L. In Vitro Cultures as a Source of Bioactive Furanocoumarins and Furoquinoline Alkaloids

“…Species of the genus Ruta are also rich in furoquinoline alkaloids (γ-fagarine and skimmianine). Furoquinoline alkaloids have antifungal and antibacterial activities, and acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties, as well as an inhibitory effect on the 5-HT2 receptor [ 21 , 22 ].…”