Glycyrrhizin attenuates isoflurane-induced cognitive deficits in neonatal rats via its anti-inflammatory activity

Sevoflurane Induces Exaggerated and Persistent Cognitive Decline in a Type II Diabetic Rat Model by Aggregating Hippocampal Inflammation

“…Indeed, microglial activation and increased inflammatory cytokines in the brain are deeply involved in the cognitive dysfunction associated with various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 2 DM ( Muriach et al, 2014 ; Srodulski et al, 2014 ; Lee et al, 2015 ; Schmole et al, 2015 ; Qiu et al, 2016 ; Wu et al, 2016 ). Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that surgery or anesthetics can induce microglial activation and neuroinflammation, contributing to cognitive impairment ( Wang et al, 2014 , 2016 ; Tian et al, 2015 ; Qiu et al, 2016 ). Interventions that reduce microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain can attenuate surgery- or anesthetic-induced cognitive impairment ( Li et al, 2014 ; Tian et al, 2015 ; Qiu et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that surgery or anesthetics can induce microglial activation and neuroinflammation, contributing to cognitive impairment ( Wang et al, 2014 , 2016 ; Tian et al, 2015 ; Qiu et al, 2016 ). Interventions that reduce microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain can attenuate surgery- or anesthetic-induced cognitive impairment ( Li et al, 2014 ; Tian et al, 2015 ; Qiu et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2016 ). Our data revealed that there were no differences in expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the number of activated microglia in the hippocampus between Wistar control rats and Wistar rats receiving sevoflurane 7 days or 5 months after sevoflurane exposure.…”

The Pharmacological Activities of Glycyrrhizinic Acid (“Glycyrrhizin”) and Glycyrrhetinic Acid

“…Wang et al determined that 1 was able to attenuate levels of Tumor Necrosis Factorα (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and activation of the HMGB1/NFκB (Nuclear factor-kB) signaling pathway in the hippocampus of neonatal rats after exposure to isoflurane (a general anesthetic drug). Moreover, treatment with 1 also prevented the deficits in spatial memory related to isoflurane [13].…”

Beneficial Effects of Gagam‐Palmultang on Scopolamine‐Induced Memory Deficits in Mice

“…Many of these components are associated with cognition. Hydroxymethylfurfural is a potential therapeutic agent for AD [ 41 ]; liquiritin and ferulic acid are useful for amelioration of amyloid β peptide-induced cognitive impairment [ 42 , 43 ]; paeoniflorin reverses the muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of long-term potentiation [ 44 ]; nodakenin enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis [ 45 ], ginsenoside Rg1 delays cognitive decline and promotes neurogenesis [ 46 , 47 ], and glycyrrhizin ameliorates cognitive decline via anti-inflammatory effects [ 48 ]. Further studies of the efficacy and underlying mechanism of these Palmultang constituents should continue to elucidate their effects on cognitive dysfunction comprehensively.…”