GM-CSF and TNF-α synergize to increase in vitro granuloma size of PBMC from humans induced by Schistosoma mansoni recombinant 28-kDa GST

Polymorphisms in the TNF-α Promoter and Variability in the Granulomatous Response in Patients with Crohn's Disease

“…We explored the TNF-␣ promoter for a genotypic association, since TNF-␣ plays a pivotal role in both CD and in the granulomatous response, and functional polymorphisms that affect TNF-␣ are fairly common. Previous studies in animal and human models have shown that anti-TNF-␣ antibodies cause a reduction in granuloma size (36), and that TNF-␣ is critical for granuloma formation and integrity in TNF Ϫ/Ϫ mice and in human tuberculosis (25,37). In nonmycobacterial graulomatous diseases, such as Sarcoidosis, use of anti-TNF-␣ agents, such as thalidomide, pentoxyphylline and infliximab result in a clinical response (41).…”

“…Polymorphisms that have been reported to increase (308G/A) or decrease circulating TNF-␣ (238G/A, 857 C/T, 863 C/A) (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33), as well as playing a possible role in disease phenotype and susceptibility (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). The 857C/T and 863C/A polymorphisms appear to be located at transcription factor binding sites (32,34,35).…”

Mechanism of protective immunity by vaccination with recombinant Echinococcus granulosus glutathione S-transferase (Chinese strain) in mice

“…Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of detoxification enzymes (19), and Schistosoma mansoni 28 kDa GST (Sj28GST) has been recognized as an effective protective antigen against S. mansoni (20). For E. granulosus, the observation of GST protein expression at various stages of parasite development provided an experimental basis for the investigation of the potential of EgGST as a vaccine candidate against echinococcosis (21).…”

Four whole-istic aspects of schistosome granuloma biology: fractal arrangement, internal regulation, autopoietic component and closure

“…Eosinophils have significant levels of surface c-Kit protein, which correspond to stem cell factor receptor (Oliveira et al 2002). There are in vitro evidences that granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a major mediator in increasing granuloma reaction in human schistosomiasis (Rezende et al 2004). Although some erythroid foci can be observed in hepatic schistosomal granulomas (Lenzi et al 1995), the intragranulomatous expression of erythropoietin receptors (Epo-R) appear to be related to other additional or pleiotropic effects of erythropoietin.…”