Gold‐Doped Covalent Organic Framework Reveals Specific Serum Metabolic Fingerprints as Point of Crohn's Disease Diagnosis

Abstract

Currently, most Crohn's disease (CD) patients suffer from serious complications and even surgery due to delayed diagnosis; therefore, point-of-care diagnosis of CD is urgently required. In this work, a covalent organic framework@Au (COF-V@Au) matrix material with excellent laser absorption is prepared, endowing metabolites with great ionization efficiency in laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) analysis. In addition, the COF-V@Au matrix possesses 1093 m 2 g −1 of large specific surface area and around 2 nm of average pore size, providing abundant sites and efficient structure for metabolite adsorption. Benefiting from high throughput, high sensitivity, and high ionization efficiency of COF-V@Au assisted LDI-MS, the extraction of serum metabolic fingerprints of CD group and healthy group is implemented. Moreover, the two groups are successfully distinguished with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.984 by establishing an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model of Crohn's patients versus healthy controls. Moreover, the expression of 25 features is determined as the prominent metabolic differences between CD patients and the controls. Furthermore, the terminal ileum and ileocolon subtypes of CD are also distinguished from healthy controls with AUC value of 0.989 and 0.991

Emerging porous organic polymers for biomedical applications

“…For example, Yang et al reported a gold nanoparticle-doped COF which can be used for Crohn's disease diagnosis with high sesitivity. 281 Liu et al synthesized a porphyrin-containing COF and demonstrated that it has significant antitumor efficiency both in vitro and in vivo via sonodynamic therapy. 163 Zhang et al reported an iCOF-based nanofluidic membrane that is capable of intelligently monitoring temperature variations and can function as a platform for highly sensitive bionic thermosensation.…”

Emerging Applications of Mass Spectrometry‐Based Metabolic Fingerprinting in Clinics

“…MS‐based metabolic fingerprinting have been conducted on the following diseases: cancers (including brain, [8b] lung, [ 20 ] pancreatic, [ 21 ] colorectal, [ 22 ] gastric, [8a,23] cervical, [ 10,24 ] and gynecological cancer [ 25 ] ), inflammatory or infectious disease, [9a,26] kidney disease, [2d] and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases. [ 27 ] Compared with conventional diagnostic imaging and biopsy methods, MS‐based metabolic fingerprinting affords desirable accuracy with minimum invasiveness and low costs.…”

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 26 ] Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. d) Rapid deep learning‐aided diagnosis of stroke by serum metabolic fingerprint based multi‐modal recognition.…”

“…Besides cancer diagnosis, LDI MS‐based metabolic fingerprinting has also been widely used in the research of other diseases, such as Crohn's disease and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases. Yang et al [ 26 ] designed a covalent organic framework@Au (COF‐V@Au) for serum metabolic fingerprinting of Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls, achieving of AUC of 0.984 by OPLS‐DA (Figure 2c). The COF‐V@Au matrix possesses a large specific surface area and nano‐porous structure to provide abundant sites for metabolites adsorption, achieving great ionization efficiency.…”

“…c) COF@Au reveals specific serum metabolic fingerprints as the point of Crohn's disease diagnosis. Reproduced with permission [26]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.…”