Gold ion implantation induced high conductivity and enhanced electron field emission properties in ultrananocrystalline diamond films

Sankaran, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam; Chen, H. C.; Sundaravel, B.; Lee, C. Y.; Tai, Nyan‐Hwa; Lin, I‐Nan

doi:10.1063/1.4792744

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The electrical conductivity and EFE properties obtained for d/ NCC I films are markedly better than those ever reported for other kind of conducting diamond materials, as shown in Table II. 16,[22][23][24][25] The robustness of these d/NCC materials is better illustrated by the lifetime measurement of a microplasma device using these materials as cathode. Since the cathode material experiences continuous bombardment by Ar-ions with high kinetic energies ($400 eV) in the microplasma device, it is considered as the harshest environment in the device applications.…”

Section: A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low temperature synthesis of diamond-based nano-carbon composite materials with high electron field emission properties

Saravanan

Huang

Yeh

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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A diamond-based nano-carbon composite (d/NCC) material, which contains needle-like diamond grains encased with the nano-graphite layers, was synthesized at low substrate temperature via a bias enhanced growth process using CH 4 /N 2 plasma. Such a unique granular structure renders the d/NCC material very conductive (r ¼ 714.8 S/cm), along with superior electron field emission (EFE) properties (E 0 ¼ 4.06 V/lm and J e ¼ 3.18 mA/cm 2 ) and long lifetime (s ¼ 842 min at 2.41 mA/cm 2 ). Moreover, the electrical conductivity and EFE behavior of d/NCC material can be tuned in a wide range that is especially useful for different kind of applications. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.The diamond films have attracted much attention recently owing to their unique and advantageous properties such as high hardness, chemical inertness, high field emission, and possibility of p-and n-type conductivities by doping. 1-3 As the grain size in ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films decreases below 10 nm, surface smoothness increases noticeably which enables conformal coating on nano-structures with complicated geometry, making it promising for device applications. 4 A very good electron field emission (EFE) characteristic has been reported for UNCD films. 5 The crystal size of diamond grains and the nature of non-diamond phase in the films play a crucial role in the EFE properties of UNCD films. 6 Nitrogen is known to be a good source for n-type doping in nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. Numerous studies with experimental observations and theoretical predictions have been carried out to accomplish effective n-type conductivity in NCD films by adding N 2 in the plasma during film deposition. 7-12 Birrell et al. 13 discovered that the addition of an appropriate amount of N 2 in reacting gases could increase the sp 2 bonding structure in NCD films, avert clustering on diamond surface and efficiently raise the conductivity of electrons, which made the films as an n-type conductor. Gruen et al. 14 reported the synthesis of nano-sized diamond grains with needle-like shape by growing the films in CH 4 / (20%)N 2 plasma which exhibited a conductivity higher than conventional UNCD films with equi-axed diamond grains. However, high substrate temperature (>700 C) was needed and the deposition parameters required stringent control for growing the diamond films with such a granular structure. Detailed investigation revealed that the high conductivity of these films was due to the presence of large proportion of nano-graphitic layers in the materials. 15,16 These films are actually carbon composite materials with the size of each constituent in the nano-scale.This present paper deals with the low temperature synthesis ($450 C) of a diamond-based nano-carbon composite (d/NCC) material using CH 4 /N 2 plasma with in-situ application of bias voltage. Such a d/NCC material exhibits excellent electron conductivity and EFE properties, which is superior to those achievable in other kind of conducting UNCD films. Most importantly, the elec...

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Section: A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low temperature synthesis of diamond-based nano-carbon composite materials with high electron field emission properties

Saravanan

Huang

Yeh

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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“…While the N‐ion implantation/annealing process was shown being able to effectively enhance the EFE properties of diamond films, the explanation regarding the mechanism is not unambiguous, as N‐ions potentially replace C atom, resulting in donor‐doping effect. To more clearly illustrate the genuine mechanism of EFE enhancement process, Sankaran et al reported the betterment of EFE properties with increase in the Au implantation dosage. At a dosage of 1 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 , the authors recorded the highest conductivity of 185 Ω −1 cm −1 and superior EFE in UNCD films (( E 0 ) Au = 4.88 V/µm with high ( J e ) Au = 6.52 mA/cm 2 at an applied field of 8.0 V/µm) (Fig.…”

Section: Understanding Of the Enhancement Of Conductivity And Efe In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c and d) The variation of the electron field emission properties (c) and the electrical conductivity (solid symbols) and turn‐on field (open symbols) (d) against the Au‐ion dose ((I) pristine, (II) 10 15 , (III) 10 16 , and (IV)10 17 ions/cm 2 ). The 10 17 ions/cm 2 Au‐ion implanted films possess the highest conductivity ( σ = 180 Ω −1 cm −1 ) and smallest turn‐on field ( E 0 = 4.88 V/μm) with largest EFE current density ( J e = 6.52 mA/cm 2 at 8.0 V/μm applied field) .…”

Section: Understanding Of the Enhancement Of Conductivity And Efe In mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the role of graphite in ultrananocrystalline diamond films used for electron field emitter applications

Kurian

Sankaran

Lin

2014

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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This Feature Article gives an account of the different pieces of work conducted by various groups around the world aimed at constituting a single model explaining the enhancement of conductivity and electron field emission properties in diamond. The scope of the presence of graphite phase or the evolution of intermediate energy levels within the band gap or defects in the diamond phase being causes of such enhancement has been explored by various groups. Along with this we present the studies performed by our group, the enhancement of the field emission and conductivity employing different approaches like ion irradiation, ion implantation, ion doping in the plasma or formation of composite films. From our studies we reveal that such modifications of properties are related to microstructural alterations. The prominent change observed, and contributing to this enhancement, is the increase in the grain boundaries, with sp2 graphitic phases residing in them. The effect of n‐ or p‐type doing into diamond is ruled out. The betterment of the field emission and conductivity is attributed to the interconnected sp2 phases within the grain boundaries, which form itineraries for electrons to traverse through the material.

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“…68 Afterwards, diamond films characterized by a conductivity up to a value of 185 Ω −1 cm −1 , a low turn-on field (4.88 V μm −1 ) and by a current density of 6.52 mA cm −2 at an applied field of 8.0 V μm −1 were produced by Au implantation. 69 The TEM image in patches at the grain boundaries of the polycrystalline films, and to the opening of effective conducting channels for electron transport. A slightly reduced improvement in both the electrical conductivity and electron emission was instead obtained when Cu-ions were implanted in the same type of ultrananocrystalline diamond layers.…”

Section: Nanodiamond Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds for field emission: state of the art

Terranova

Orlanducci

Rossi³

et al. 2015

Nanoscale

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The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances and the main remaining challenges related to the issue of electron field emission (FE) from nanodiamonds. The roadmap for FE vacuum microelectronic devices envisages that nanodiamonds could become very important in a short time. The intrinsic properties of the nanodiamond materials indeed meet many of the requirements of cutting-edge technologies and further benefits can be obtained by tailored improvements of processing methodologies. The current strategies used to modulate the morphological and structural features of diamond to produce highly performing emitting systems are reported and discussed. The focus is on the current understanding of the FE process from nanodiamond-based materials and on the major concepts used to improve their performance. A short survey of non-conventional microsized cold cathodes based on nanodiamonds is also reported. IntroductionMiniaturized electron sources based on the field emission (FE) process, namely "cold-cathodes", are nowadays replacing the conventional thermoionic electron sources. FE-based devices are able to operate at high frequency and at high current densities, have no need of heating and are characterized by reduced weight and by instantaneous switching on. Moreover, Maria Letizia TerranovaProfessor of Chemistry at Tor Vergata University of Rome (Italy), Maria Letizia Terranova heads the Minima lab at the Department of Chemical Science and Technology. She has expertise on different scientific topics, including nuclear chemistry, laser-induced reactions in the gas-phase, ion-and laserinduced modifications in solids, electrochemical and vapour deposition processes. Her research activity is mainly focused on the synthesis, processing and functional testing of nanomaterials: carbon nanostructures (nanodiamonds, nanotubes, graphenes, onions), nanocomposites and hybrid organic/ inorganic structures. Materials and systems are produced for applications in micro/nano-electronics, optoelectronics, energetics, sensing, thermal management and bio-related nanotechnologies. She has co-authored 290 papers, 4 patents, and co-edited 4 books. Silvia OrlanducciIn 2004 Fowler-Nordheim and the experiments by Spindt and coworkers 3 paved the way for a number of subsequent researches on FE-based vacuum electronics. The good performance of such devices is based on the fact that, according to the Fowler-Nordheim law, the emitted current density J depends strongly on the local applied electric field E and that geometric factors typical of nanostructures (sharp edges, tips, peaks, nanoprotrusions) locally increase the concentration of electric field at the emitter sites. The ratio of the local field to the applied field, the so-called electric field enhancement factor β, 1 independently of the material, is a key factor influencing the field emission characteristics. In the last two decades the design, realization and application of a new generation of cold cathodes based on advanced nanomaterials have been the object of tremendous i...

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Gold ion implantation induced high conductivity and enhanced electron field emission properties in ultrananocrystalline diamond films

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Low temperature synthesis of diamond-based nano-carbon composite materials with high electron field emission properties

Low temperature synthesis of diamond-based nano-carbon composite materials with high electron field emission properties

On the role of graphite in ultrananocrystalline diamond films used for electron field emitter applications

Nanodiamonds for field emission: state of the art

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