Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Recognition of Creatinine with Good Selectivity and Sensitivity

Abstract

A gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensor for the determination of creatinine was developed as an important index for early diagnosis of kidney function and corresponding renal diseases. Because of the unique synergistic coordination capability of adenosine and creatinine with Ag+ on a particle surface, our system exhibits an excellent selectivity to creatinine among various ions and biomolecules. There are good linear relationships of absorption changes (A 630 nm/520 nm) over creatinine concentrations, so both colorimetric qualitative detection by the naked eye and quantitative determination by UV–vis spectrometer could be realized with an excellent limit of detection compared with that of other methods. Finally, by testing creatinine in practical samples, such as urine mimic and bovine serum, good recoveries were obtained with proper relative standard deviations.

Trend in creatinine determining methods: Conventional methods to molecular‐based methods

“…Nanomaterials are used in electrochemical electrodes due to the ability to increase the electron transfer rate between the active site of the enzyme and the electrode 94 . Also, the change in absorption and color obtained by adding creatinine to a solution containing NPs is used in detecting creatinine concentration 35,49,95 . Du et al.…”

“…There are linear relationships of good absorption changes to creatinine concentration, so both qualitative detection of colorimetry with the naked eye and quantification by UV‐Vis spectrometer (A630 nm/520 nm) can be achieved. This system has a linear/calibration range of 0.2‐1.4 μM and LOD of 12.7 nM 95 . Some of the NPs that are used in the electrochemical and colorimetric methods to detect creatinine, because of the properties of NPs described above, are given in the Table 1.…”

Colorimetric Detection Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Determination of Chemicals in Urine

“…[19][20][21][22] Colorimetric methods using the LSPR of metal nanoparticles (MNPs, i.e., AuNPs and AgNPs) have attracted much attention due to the unique optical properties of these materials, which can be easily observed by a UV-vis spectrometer or the naked eye, while the metal surface can be modified for the selective detection of specific molecules. [23][24][25][26][27][28] Since AuNPs and AgNPs are the two most commonly used materials for this method, we focus on their use in creatinine detection. Here, the aggregation mechanisms of these plasmonic materials in the presence of creatinine are discussed in detail, with aggregation being their main principle.…”

Dual-triggered nanoaggregates of cucurbit[7]uril and gold nanoparticles for multi-spectroscopic quantification of creatinine in urinalysis

“…10,11 The major drawback of the Jaffe reaction is, however, its non-specificity as picric acid forms a reddish-orange complex with many other biomarkers besides CRN in basic solution. 6,[12][13][14] Other clinical methods include enzymatic methods, 15 capillary electrophoresis, 16 high-performance liquid chromatography 17 and isotope dilution mass spectrometry. 18 Nevertheless, not all of these methods allow real-time point-of-care diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity.…”