“…[1][2][3][4]. Moreover, they have been extensively used in various application-oriented research areas ranging from electronic, memory and optical devices, [5][6][7][8] over biosensors, [8][9][10][11][12] biochips 13,14 and biomolecular logic gates 15 up to drug-delivery and targeting systems. 16,17 In addition, in the past decade, a number of molecular-and nanoelectronic devices (e.g., molecular transistors 18,19 and single-electron transistors 20,21 ) have been proposed utilizing single molecules and/or single nanoobjects (e.g., NPs, nanotubes, and nanogaps) and new physical phenomena in the nano-world (including quantum effects).…”