Gold Nanoparticles for Biology and Medicine

Giljohann, David A.; Seferos, Dwight S.; Daniel, Weston L.; Massich, Matthew D.; Patel, Pinal C.; Mirkin, Chad A.

doi:10.1002/anie.200904359

Cited by 2,189 publications

(1,252 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Significant advances in biosensor development, 1-4 materials fabrication, [5][6][7][8][9] nanomedicine, 10 and nanotechnology 11 have already been demonstrated. To conjugate a DNA to AuNPs, the following two strategies have been employed.…”

Section: This Document Is the Accepted Manuscript Version Of A Publismentioning

confidence: 99%

Instantaneous Attachment of an Ultrahigh Density of Nonthiolated DNA to Gold Nanoparticles and Its Applications

et al. 2012

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The last 16 years have witnessed the landmark development of polyvalent thiolated DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possessing striking properties within the emerging field of nanobiotechnology. Many novel properties of this hybrid nanomaterial are attributed to the dense DNA shell. However, the question of whether non-thiolated polyvalent DNA-AuNP could be fabricated with high DNA density and similar properties as its thiolated counterpart has not been explored in detail.Herein, we report that by simply tuning the pH of the DNA/AuNP mixture, an ultrahigh capacity of nonthiolated DNA can be conjugated to AuNPs in a few minutes, resulting in polyvalent DNA-AuNP conjugates with cooperative melting behavior, a typical property for polyvalent thiolated DNA functionalized AuNPs. With this method, large AuNPs (e.g., 50 nm) can be functionalized to achieve colorimetric detection of sub-nM DNA. Further, this fast and stable DNA loading was employed to separate AuNPs of different size. We propose that a large fraction of the attached DNAs are adsorbed via one or a few terminal bases to afford the high loading capacity and the ability to hybridize with the complementary DNA. This discovery not only offers a time-and cost-effective way to functionalize AuNPs with a high density of non-thiolated DNA, but also provides new insights into the fundamental understanding of how DNA strands with different sequences interact with AuNPs.

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Section: This Document Is the Accepted Manuscript Version Of A Publismentioning

confidence: 99%

Instantaneous Attachment of an Ultrahigh Density of Nonthiolated DNA to Gold Nanoparticles and Its Applications

et al. 2012

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“…Given their size, colloids, and nanoparticles have very-high surface area to volume ratios, which can impart unique chemical properties that can differ from that of the bulk materials [1]. These properties for gold nanoparticles specifically are what are exploited in the fields of nanotechnology in engineering, medicine, biology, and other fields [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and Aggregation of Gold (Electrum) Nanoparticles in Epithermal Ores

Saunders

Burke

2017

Minerals

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Here, we review the concept that nanoparticles and colloids may have played a significant role in forming some types of hydrothermal ores deposits, particularly epithermal. This concept was first proposed almost a century ago but the development of new analytical technologies, lab experiments, and the discovery of new epithermal deposits where nanoparticles are evident have added credence to the "gold colloid theory". Nanoparticles are defined to have at least one dimension <10 −7 m, and may have different chemical and physical properties than the bulk solids. Colloids are typically <10 −6 m in diameter and have the added characteristic that they are dispersed in another medium. In epithermal ore-forming solutions, gold or electrum nanoparticles nucleate from supersaturated hydrothermal solutions, and thus this is a "far-from-equilibrium" process. In some cases, gold nanoparticles may simply play a transitory role of aggregating to form much coarser-grained crystals, where all of the evidence of nanoparticles precursor phases is not preserved. However, in some epithermal ores, silica nanoparticles also formed, and their co-deposition with gold (electrum) nanoparticles preserved the gold aggregation features as self-organized "fractal" dendrites. Here, we review existing the data on gold and electrum nanoparticles in epithermal ores, present images of electrum nanoparticles and their aggregates, and discuss the significance of gold nanoparticles formation and aggregation in helping to produce some of the highest-grade gold ores in the world.

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“…Interfacing DNA with various nanomaterials has produced a diverse range of functional hybrid materials for numerous applications, including drug delivery, [1][2][3] biosensor development, [4][5][6][7][8][9] bioelectronics, 10,11 enzyme immobilization, 12,13 and nanotechnology. 14,15 DNA carries the functional roles of molecular recognition and can also act as an antisense agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on DNA Adsorption and Hybridization on Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide

et al. 2012

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Understanding the interface between DNA and nanomaterials is crucial for rational design and optimization of biosensors and drug delivery systems. For detection and delivery into cells, where high concentrations of cellular proteins are present, another layer of complexity is added. In this context, we employ polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a model polymer to mimic the excluded volume effect of cellular proteins and test its effect on DNA adsorption and hybridization on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and graphene oxide (GO), both of which show great promise for designing intracellular biosensors and drug delivery systems. We show that PEG 20,000 (e.g. 4%) accelerates DNA hybridization to DNAfunctionalized AuNPs by 50-100%, but this enhanced hybridization kinetics has not been observed with free DNA. Therefore, this rate enhancement is attributed to the surface blocking effect by PEG instead of the macromolecular crowding effect. On the other hand, DNA adsorption on citrate-capped AuNP surfaces is impeded even in the presence of a trace level (i.e., parts-per-billion) of PEG, confirming PEG competes with DNA for surface binding sites. Additional insights have been obtained by studying the adsorption of a thiolated DNA and a peptide nucleic acid. In these cases, the steric effects of PEG to impede adsorption are observed. Similar observations have also been made with GO. Therefore, PEG may be used as an effective blocking agent for both hydrophilic AuNP and for GO that also contains hydrophobic domains.

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Gold Nanoparticles for Biology and Medicine

Cited by 2,189 publications

References 131 publications

Instantaneous Attachment of an Ultrahigh Density of Nonthiolated DNA to Gold Nanoparticles and Its Applications

Instantaneous Attachment of an Ultrahigh Density of Nonthiolated DNA to Gold Nanoparticles and Its Applications

Formation and Aggregation of Gold (Electrum) Nanoparticles in Epithermal Ores

Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on DNA Adsorption and Hybridization on Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide

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