Gold Nanoparticles in the Past: Before the Nanotechnology Era

Louis, Catherine

doi:10.1142/9781786341259_0001

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A specific Raman feature referred to the use of gold nanoparticles dispersed in the glassy matrix of the enamel (this type of enamel is at the origin of the label "Famille rose" [15,19], with a characteristic broad fluorescence background peaking at~500-600 cm −1 under a green laser, corresponding tõ 500 nm on the absolute scale [14,18]; see Figure 6C(c ). This method was first experimented with in 17th-century France by the glassmaker Bernard Perrot and then some years later by Johann Kunckel in Germany and certainly by others in Italy before [16,18,[64][65][66][67]. The presence of gold was also confirmed by pXRF analysis (see arrow on Figure 15-pink, in which the small Au L α peak is obvious), with a hardly visible peak well-identified by data fitting.…”

Section: Red To Violet Colorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of the Pigments and Glassy Matrix of Painted Enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese Porcelains by Noninvasive On-Site Raman Microspectrometry

et al. 2020

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A selection of 15 Chinese painted enameled porcelains from the 18th century (Qing dynasty) was analyzed on-site by mobile Raman and XRF microspectroscopy. The highly prized artifacts are present in the collections of the Musée du Louvre in Paris and Musée Chinois at Fontainebleau Castle in France. In the painted enamels, pigments such as Naples yellow lead pyrochlore, hematite, manganese oxide and carbon and opacifiers such as lead arsenates were detected. The glassy matrices of the enamels mainly belonged to lead-rich and lead-alkali glass types according to the Raman spectra obtained. The glaze and body phases of the porcelain artifacts were also analyzed. The detection of lead arsenate apatite in some of the blue enamels was significant, indicating the use of arsenic-rich European cobalt ores (smalt) and possibly mixing with Asian cobalt. This characteristic phase has also been identified in French soft-paste porcelains and glass decor and high-quality Limoges enamels from the same period. Based on the shape of the Raman scattering background, the presence of colloidal gold (Au° nanoparticles) was identified in red, orange and pink enamels. Different types of Naples yellow pigments were also detected with Sb-rich, Sn-rich and mixed Sb–Sn–(Zn, Fe?) compositions in the yellow enamels. The results were compared to previous data obtained on Chinese cloisonné and painted enameled metalware and Limoges enamels as well as French enameled watches.

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Section: Red To Violet Colorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of the Pigments and Glassy Matrix of Painted Enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese Porcelains by Noninvasive On-Site Raman Microspectrometry

et al. 2020

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“…It can be prepared following different procedures (Krünitz, 1785). Normally, such particles are precipitated by separately dissolving Au and Sn in aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid) and mixing both solutions, where Sn will reduce Au (Hunt, 1976(Hunt, , 1981Carbert, 1980;D'Albis, 2003;Lowengard, 2006;Bishop & Sutton, 2010;Louis, 2012). Kunckel von Löwenstern (1716) claimed that it was not Andreas Cassius of Leyden who discovered this powerful colour for ruby glass and for pink to maroon overglaze enamels (Cassius, 1685), but Johann Rudolph Glauber (Glauber, 1659), see also Hunt (1976Hunt ( , 1981 and Bishop & Sutton (2010).…”

Section: Purplementioning

confidence: 99%

Phase and compositional analysis of a Sèvres soft paste porcelain plate from 1781, with a review of early porcelain techniques

Maggetti

d’Albis

2017

ejm

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Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out on a typical Sèvres soft (frit) porcelain plate from 1781 in order to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition as well as the microstructure of its ceramic body, glaze, overglaze decoration and gilding. The body is rich in SiO 2 (73 mass%), CaO (16) and alkali oxide (8) and shows acicular wollastonite and tridymite crystals embedded in a glassy matrix consisting of SiO 2 (75), K 2 O (12) and CaO (9). The 50-90 mm thick, transparent lead glaze (40.9 PbO) contains 47.6 SiO 2 , 6.5 K 2 O and 3.5 CaO and shows a 35-75 mm thick reaction zone (50 SiO 2 , 30 PbO, 14 CaO) towards the body. The maximum thickness of the different paints is 50 mm, with 15 mm as mean thickness of the individual paint stroke. Two blue colours, for the dentil comb and the flower painting, are chemically distinct (colouring CoO in the dental rim 7, in the flower's blue 2 mass%) and contain many As-and Pb-rich globules and dendrites. Pseudohexagonal shaped platelets of Pb-Sb-Sn triple oxide crystals, embedded in a colourless glassy matrix, generate the opacity and the colour of the yellow paints. Opaque olive green colours are created by the combination of such yellow crystals with a bluish, Cu and Co bearing glassy matrix. The opaque red overglaze enamel is a mechanical mix of yellow Pb-Sb oxide crystals with an iron-rich (16 Fe 2 O 3) Pb-silica glass. Purple is very homogeneous and shows tiny drops of pure gold (max. diam. 0.5 mm) in a glassy matrix (47 PbO, 46 SiO 2 , 5 K 2 O). Violet is a mechanical blend of flower's blue and purple. The pure (99.5 Au, 0.5 Fe 2 O 3) gilt consists of several folded gold particles. The results of this study are only broadly consistent with the archival documented 18 th century technologies. The compositional dissimilarities of the studied enamels suggest that each colour was independently fritted. Consequently, the original colour recipes written down by Hellot in 1753 must have been modified in the 30 years since then.

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“…In particular, Andreas Cassius of Leyden has described in 1685, in his textbook entitled De Auro, the formation of the so-called ''Purple of Cassius'', which is a precipitate obtained from the dissolution of gold metal in Fig. 1 The Lycurgus Cup, illuminated from outside (left) or from inside (right) Ó Trustees of the British Museum aqua regia-a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions-followed by the precipitation of metallic gold by a mixture of stannous and stannic chloride (Hunt 1976;Louis 2012).…”

Section: Nanotechnologies: An Ancient Tradition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the German glass-maker Johann Kunckel was the first important maker of gold ruby glass (Louis 2012).…”

Section: Nanotechnologies: An Ancient Tradition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the well-known French porcelain workshop, the Manufacture Royale de Sèvres, has produced several gold-based purple colorants based on the use of the Purple of Cassius, in particular the famous glazing so-called ''Rose Pompadour'' (Dargaud et al 2007). Glass factories currently also use gold nanoparticles as a redcolorant, such as the French crystal glass-making Baccarat (Louis 2012) and the famous glass-makers from Murano (Moret 2006).…”

Section: Nanotechnologies: An Ancient Tradition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanotechnology: from the ancient time to nowadays

2015

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While nanosciences and nanotechnologies appear as new concepts developed at the end of the twentieth century, we show that metallic nanoparticles have already been used since ancient times, in particular as colorant in the glass and ceramic industries. Moreover, a lot of natural nanomaterials are also present in the mineral, vegetal and animal worlds. Nevertheless, the breakthrough of nanotechnology has been permitted in the past few decades by the advent of apparatus allowing the manipulation and observation of the nanoworld. Indeed, nowadays, nanomaterials and nanoparticles are used for many applications in our daily life, such as in the fields of electronics, catalysis, optics, biology, and medicine. This article presents an overview about nanotechnologies, with applications from ancient times till the present.

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Gold Nanoparticles in the Past: Before the Nanotechnology Era

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Investigation of the Pigments and Glassy Matrix of Painted Enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese Porcelains by Noninvasive On-Site Raman Microspectrometry

Investigation of the Pigments and Glassy Matrix of Painted Enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese Porcelains by Noninvasive On-Site Raman Microspectrometry

Phase and compositional analysis of a Sèvres soft paste porcelain plate from 1781, with a review of early porcelain techniques

Nanotechnology: from the ancient time to nowadays

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