Gonadal Hormone Status in Highly Trained Sprinters and in Untrained Men

Grandys, Marcin; Majerczak, Joanna; Zapart-Bukowska, Justyna; Kulpa, J; Zoladz, Jerzy A.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d4d3f4

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the non-energy-restricted group of body builders, testosterone levels were not significantly different at the beginning and end of the study, but there was a slight decrease in testosterone at the 6-week measurement [26] . Similar to this, Grandys et al [27] found that testosterone levels vary significantly in sprinters along the annual training period, with testosterone levels higher during low-intensity training and lower during high-intensity training.…”

Section: Testosteronesupporting

confidence: 60%

Exercise, Training, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men and Women

Sokoloff¹,

Misra²,

Ackerman³

2016

Frontiers of Hormone Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is essential for adequate responses to exercise and training both acutely and chronically. Both testosterone and estrogen play leading roles in neuromuscular adaptation to exercise in males and females. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the physiological and pathological changes that occur in the HPG axis secondary to exercise and training. In males, testosterone increases with acute bouts of exercise, but long-term effects are less clear, with evidence of lower testosterone in endurance athletes. Restricted energy availability may negatively affect hormone levels in male endurance athletes, but data regarding low energy availability and its impact on the HPG axis are limited in male athletes. Conversely, in females there is significant evidence that decreased energy availability inhibits the HPG axis, leading to menstrual irregularities and lower bone density. Hormonal changes secondary to acute bouts of exercise are more challenging to interpret in females due to menstrual variability, which traditionally has not been taken into account in many studies. However, some evidence supports an increase in testosterone and estradiol with acute exercise. More work is needed to elucidate the relationships among energy availability, basal hormonal fluctuations, and exercise, and their collective effects on the HPG axis.

show abstract

Section: Testosteronesupporting

confidence: 60%

Exercise, Training, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men and Women

Sokoloff¹,

Misra²,

Ackerman³

2016

Frontiers of Hormone Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When comparing long-term effects of high-intensity and moderate-intensity training patterns, the number of hours of high-intensity exercise significantly negatively correlated with testosterone levels; these athletes also demonstrated worse semen parameters compared to moderately-trained athletes (22). Timing of analysis seems important as well, with the lowest testosterone levels verified during competition season compared to training and resting period of a season (23, 24). Testosterone has many functions crucially important for athletic performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Response to Endurance Exercise Stress: Focus on Catabolic/Anabolic Interplay Between Cortisol, Testosterone, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Professional Athletes

Popović¹,

Popović²,

Macut³

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Biochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Background: Endocrine system plays a major role in both permissive and regulatory activities in order to adequately respond to physical stress of exercise. But level and direction of activation depend on many factors and are not easily interpreted. Methods: We tested a group of male professional athletes (21 water polo players and 15 wrestlers), together with 20 sedentary controls matched by age. All participants took a continuous progressive exercise stress test on a treadmill until exhaustion and plateau of oxygen consumption (VO2). Blood samples for cortisol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone were drawn in four time points: baseline (B), start of the test (S), point of maximal strain (MAX) and in the 3rd minute of recovery period (R). Results: Cortisol levels significantly increased in both groups, but the response between S and MAX was more pronounced in controls (p=0.036). The athletes had significantly higher levels of cortisol in all points in test, except during R (p=0.118), when their cortisol levels gradually started to decline. Significant increase in total testosterone was in great deal a consequence of increase in SHBG level (p<0.01 for both). Consequently, calculated free testosterone significantly decreased during test (p=0.008), and the drop was more pronounced in athletes. This was in concordance with significant correlation between SHBG and cortisol level demonstrated in athletes, but not in controls. Conclusions: It seems that high intensity endurance exercise favors catabolic response, but the level of response highly depends on a previous level of training.

show abstract

“…In previously published studies, where changes in basal T, C and their ratio were linked with muscle strength improvement (usually strength training programs), the opposite findings were presented and an increase in muscle strength performance was related to an increase in T/C ratio and a decrease in C concentration (Hakkinen et al 1985, Staron et al 1994. However, we are inclined to think that basal changes in anabolic-catabolic hormone balance during exercise training programs are above all an outcome of the applied training load (Flynn et al 1994, Grandys et al 2011, Kraemer et al 2004 and have rather little influence on the skeletal muscle performance . From this point of view the observed decrease in basal C concentration in this study as a consequence of 20 weeks of endurance cycling training is very intriguing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Training-Induced Decrease in Basal Cortisol Concentration in the Improvement in Muscular Performance in Humans

Grandys

Majerczak²,

Kulpa³

et al. 2016

Physiol Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acute exercise-induced changes in cortisol concentration (C) and training related adaptation within hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been widely examined, but their influence on muscle strength performance is at best uncertain. Twenty four young healthy men were randomly assigned to an endurance training group (ET, n=12) or to a non-exercising controls (CON, n=12). ET performed supervised endurance training on cycle ergometer for 20 weeks. Endurance training program improved exercise capacity (14 % increase in power output generated at peak oxygen uptake – VO2peak), muscle strength performance (increase in MVC – maximal voluntary contraction – by 9 % and in TTF 50 % MVC – time to fatigue at 50 % MVC – by 21 %) and led to a decrease in basal serum C concentration (P=0.006) and an increase in basal testosterone to cortisol (T/C) and free testosterone to cortisol (fT/C) ratios (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). It was found that the decrease in C concentration (ΔC) was positively correlated to the increase in local muscular endurance (ΔTTF 50 % MVC). No significant hormonal changes were seen in CON group. It is concluded that greater decrease in cortisol concentration after the endurance training is accompanied by poorer improvement in skeletal muscle performance in previously untrained subjects.

show abstract

Gonadal Hormone Status in Highly Trained Sprinters and in Untrained Men

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Exercise, Training, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men and Women

Exercise, Training, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men and Women

Acute Response to Endurance Exercise Stress: Focus on Catabolic/Anabolic Interplay Between Cortisol, Testosterone, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Professional Athletes

The Importance of the Training-Induced Decrease in Basal Cortisol Concentration in the Improvement in Muscular Performance in Humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About