“…The reduction in plasma testosterone in subordinates is consistent with previous data in Syrian hamsters, where nine encounters with a dominant opponent suppresses plasma testosterone in subordinates (Huhman et al, 1991). Similarly, in many other species, including rats, tree shrews, primates, and humans, chronic stress has been shown to reduce plasma testosterone (Fischer et al, 1985; Kreuz et al, 1972; Razzoli et al, 2006; Rose et al, 1971; Tamashiro et al, 2004). Thus, in our model the maintenance of subordinate status for 14 days produces changes in basal plasma testosterone similar to chronic stress.…”