Government interventions and the size of the informal economy. The case of Iran (1971–2007)

Khandan, Abbas; Nili, Masoud

doi:10.1080/17487870.2013.780396

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In other words, government subsidies can be viewed as an alternative funding source instead of a replacement for private R&D investment. The government can use the "visible hand" to intervene when facing market failure [21]. Government subsidies can reduce the costs and risks of R&D activities, generate financial leverage and spillover effects, and stimulate enterprises' private investment in basic research.…”

Section: Relationship Between Government Subsidies and Randd Investmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Government Subsidies on Private R&D and Firm Performance: Does Ownership Matter in China’s Manufacturing Industry?

Jin

Shang

2018

Sustainability

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Government subsidies as a policy instrument are used to alleviate market failure in research and development (R&D) activities. We aim to understand the influence of government subsidies on enterprises' R&D investment and performance. We are also interested in examining how the attributes of enterprise ownership act as a moderating variable for the relationship between government subsidies, R&D investment, and firm performance. We use firm-level data on China's manufacturing listed companies from 2011 to 2015. The results show that receiving government subsidies improves private R&D investment and firm performance, and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can obtain more subsidies than private-owned enterprises (POEs). However, the impact of government subsidies on private R&D investment is stronger in POEs than in SOEs of China. In additional analyses, we also examine this relationship by industry, region, subsidy intensity, and R&D intensity. This study has important policy implications for regulators to improve the effectiveness of government subsidies.

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Section: Relationship Between Government Subsidies and Randd Investmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Government Subsidies on Private R&D and Firm Performance: Does Ownership Matter in China’s Manufacturing Industry?

Jin

Shang

2018

Sustainability

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“…Based on the 6NPD, all Iranians must be enrolled in a basic health insurance scheme to assure universal financial protection for the entire population, rather than only for the extremely poor. The mandatory enrollment in an insurance scheme and premium collection from individuals working for an informal sector or unregistered economy [ 13 , 14 ] require extensive provisions. To this end, vast investment in infrastructure and information technologies are needed to collect data or update available data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative analysis of Iranian sixth five-year economic, social, and cultural development plan from universal health coverage perspective

Mahdavi

Sajadi

2021

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background This research analyzed the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (6NPD) to shed light on how the plan addresses the Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Methods This research was a qualitative study. We systematically analyzed ‘Secs. 14 -Health, Insurance, Health & Women, and Family’ in the 6NPD. Through a content analysis, we converted this section into meaning units and coded them. Coding was guided through the conceptual framework ‘Six Building Blocks of Health System’ and the key principles of UHC. Results Six themes and twenty-one subthemes were identified. The subthemes of financing include a fair and secured process of resource pooling, payment methods, revenue generation for the health sector, and a definition of a basic benefits package. The subthemes of governance and leadership consist of social insurance policies’ integration, compliance of providers, a designation of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) as the regulator and the steward of health resources, a payer-provider split, and stakeholders’ participation. The subthemes of health workforce emphasizes balancing the quality and quantity of the health workforce with populations’ health needs and the health system’s requirements. The subthemes of health information systems consist of the electronic health records for Iranians, information systems for organization and delivery functions, and information systems for the financing function. The subthemes of the organization and delivery consider improving effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare delivery, strengthening the family physician program and referral system, and extending the pre-hospital emergency system. Lastly, access to medicine focuses on the design and implementation of an essential drug list and drug systems for approving the coverage and provision of generic medicine. Conclusions The 6NPD introduced policies for strengthening the 6 building blocks of the health system. It introduced policies to improve financing particularly resource pooling and the sustainability of financial resources. As mandated by 6NPD, centering the health system’s governance/leadership in MoHME may exacerbate the existing conflict of interests and provoke various arguments, which impede the enforcement of rules and regulation. The 6NPD is a step forward in terms of improving financial protection, yet several other policies need to be made to adequately meet the requirement of UHC regarding equity and effective coverage.

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“…The shadow economy estimation techniques can be classified into three main categories: direct, indirect, and multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) [ 32 ]. First, in the direct approaches, studies employ surveys, interviews, or tax auditing methods to estimate the size of the shadow economy [ 33 – 35 ]. Second, studies that fall into the indirect approaches based on some economic indicators to make assumptions about the shadow economy.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does national intellectual capital matter for shadow economy in the Southeast Asian countries?

Tran

Nguyen

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Understanding the determinants of the shadow economy plays a vital role in formulating policies for economic growth and development, particularly for the Southeast Asian countries–a new economic force for a global economy. The key drivers of a shadow economy, such as institutional quality, taxation, government expenditure, are widely examined. However, the effect of national intellectual capital, which affects macroeconomic indicators, on the shadow economy has largely been ignored in the existing literature. Our paper examines this critical link and its causality relationship for eight Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2017. This paper uses the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), which allow cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity in panel data analysis. Empirical findings from this paper indicate that national intellectual capital impacts negatively and significantly the shadow economy size. This finding implies that enhancing national intellectual capital reduces the shadow economy size. These two forces lead to enhanced economic growth. Our Granger causality tests confirm a bi-directional relationship between national intellectual capital and the shadow economy. As a result, policies targeted to reduce the shadow economy size can now include the accumulation of national intellectual capital, particularly for Southeast Asian Countries.

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Government interventions and the size of the informal economy. The case of Iran (1971–2007)

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

The Impact of Government Subsidies on Private R&D and Firm Performance: Does Ownership Matter in China’s Manufacturing Industry?

The Impact of Government Subsidies on Private R&D and Firm Performance: Does Ownership Matter in China’s Manufacturing Industry?

Qualitative analysis of Iranian sixth five-year economic, social, and cultural development plan from universal health coverage perspective

Does national intellectual capital matter for shadow economy in the Southeast Asian countries?

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