Physical activity (PA) plays an important role in the public health-care strategies related to the control of obesity and related non-communicable chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and some types of cancers. PA also results in multiple benefi cial effects on the prolongation of healthy and independent lives among the elderly. This review provides a brief overview of the recently available techniques and important methodological issues related to the assessment of free-living PA. The recommended daily PA proposes increasing/maintaining the level of PA in terms of "duration", "intensity" and "frequency". Accordingly, objective and practical means of assessing PA (in these 3 aspects) and the energy expenditure due to structured activities (i.e. level walking) as well as non-structured activities, are thus indeed necessary for designing effective preventive strategies and being able to accurately monitor the effects. Activity monitoring based on the accelerometry technique constitutes a potentially useful modality for quantifying the PA in both epidemiological research and clinical settings. This method can objectively assess the activity patterns (i.e. intensity and duration) over short and long-term durations, and the energy expenditure can thus be estimated, however, the present available algorithm using accelerometry signals should be improved in order to minimize the inherent limitations in the application of this technique. Further investigations in assessing free-living PA using non-invasive techniques based on physiological and/or biomechanical means thus remains a challenge.