GPS Height Measurement of Peak Bolivar, Venezuela

Pérez, Omar J.; Hoyer, Melvin; Hernández, José V.; Rodríguez, Carlos García; Sué, N.; Velandia, J.; Fernandes, J.; Deiros, D.

doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.302.697

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Thirdly, the results highlighted considerable implications for peak-baggers and tourism in mountain regions as previous studies have demonstrated [2]. Overall, studies that focus on mountains that are not well-known, touristic or the highest in the range are scant [7,8]. Moreover, here, we provide an analysis of the highest summits of an entire mountain range, and in doing so, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to re-measuring altitudes were elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Determining Peak Altitude on Maps, Books and Cartographic Materials: Multidisciplinary Implications

et al. 2021

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Mountain peaks and their altitude have been of interest to researchers across disciplines. Measurement methods and techniques have changed and developed over the years, leading to more accurate measurements and, consequently, more accurate determination of peak altitudes. This research transpired due to the frequency of misstatements found in existing sources including books, maps, guidebooks and the Internet. Such inaccuracies have the potential to create controversy, especially among peak-baggers in pursuit of climbing the highest summits. The Polish Sudetes Mountains were selected for this study; 24 summits in the 14 mesoregions were measured. Measurements were obtained employing the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), both modern and highly precise techniques. Moreover, to determine the accuracy of measurements, several of the summits were measured using a mobile phone as an additional method. We compare GNSS vs. LiDAR and verify the level of confidence of peak heights obtained by automatic methods from LiDAR data alone. The GNSS receiver results showed a discrepancy of approximately 10 m compared with other information sources examined. Findings indicate that the heights of peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate, especially in lesser-known mountain ranges. Furthermore, among all the mountain ranges examined, the results demonstrated that five of the summits were no longer classed as the highest, potentially impacting tourist perceptions and subsequent visitation. Overall, due to the topographical relief characteristics and varying vegetation cover of mountains, we argue that the re-measuring procedure should comprise two steps: (1) develop high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) based on LiDAR; (2) assumed heights should be measured using precise GNSS receivers. Unfortunately, due to the time constraints and the prohibitive costs of GNSS, LiDAR continues to be the most common source of new altitude data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Determining Peak Altitude on Maps, Books and Cartographic Materials: Multidisciplinary Implications

et al. 2021

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“…Currently, apart from the signals of the GPS (Global Positioning System), Galileo, Beidou, and GLONASS systems, the signals of the Japanese quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS) and the Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS/NavIC) are also available [11,12]. The GNSS has been used to determine the precise altitudes of many globally recognised peaks, such as Mount Everest [13][14][15][16], Mont Blanc [17], Aconcagua [18], Kilimanjaro [19], and Bolivar [20]. It has been approved as the most effective tool for calculating the heights of mountains where it is inappropriate to perform traditional geometric levelling [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GNSS has been used to determine the precise altitudes of many globally recognised peaks, such as Mount Everest [13][14][15][16], Mont Blanc [17], Aconcagua [18], Kilimanjaro [19], and Bolivar [20]. It has been approved as the most effective tool for calculating the heights of mountains where it is inappropriate to perform traditional geometric levelling [20,21]. In comparison with earlier measurements obtained from trigonometric triangulations using theodolites [22,23], GNSS measurements, in general, differ by a few metres or more [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been approved as the most effective tool for calculating the heights of mountains where it is inappropriate to perform traditional geometric levelling [20,21]. In comparison with earlier measurements obtained from trigonometric triangulations using theodolites [22,23], GNSS measurements, in general, differ by a few metres or more [20]. In addition to providing a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the instruments are also compact and light, and researchers can carry them to the peak of a mountain to determine its ellipsoidal height [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altitude on Cartographic Materials and Its Correction According to New Measurement Techniques

et al. 2021

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Determining the correct height of mountain peaks is vital for tourism, but it is also important as a reference point for devices equipped with GPS (Global Positioning System), e.g., watches or car navigation systems. The peak altitude data are part of geographic and geodetic information. As more modern technologies and equipment become available, their precisions should increase. However, verification of peak heights is usually only conducted for the highest, well-known mountains—lower peaks or mountain passes are rarely verified. Therefore, this study focuses on an investigation of 12 altitude points on a section of the longest and most famous touristic trail in Poland (the Main Beskid Trail), located in the Orava–Żywiec Beskids Mts (Mountains). The aim of this research is to measure and verify the heights of the 12 selected mountain peaks, in addition to evaluating the chosen methods based on the quality of the obtained data and determining their suitability and opportunities for use in further research. Measurements were obtained at the most specific height points—on the 12 highest points of the summits. This study compares two modern measurement techniques: the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The obtained results were later compared with those widely used on the internet and in printed materials (period covered: 1884–2015). This analysis demonstrates that lesser-known objects are rarely the subject of remeasurement and significant altitude errors may occur, primarily because the heights originated from a source in the past when modern methods were not available. Our findings indicate that the heights of the peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate. The assumed heights should be corrected by direct measurements using modern techniques.

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Evaluating the performance of multisource digital elevation models using morphometric parameters and field survey data over the mountainous landscapes of northwest Himalaya, India

Rashid

Altaf

2021

Environ Earth Sci

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GPS Height Measurement of Peak Bolivar, Venezuela

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Determining Peak Altitude on Maps, Books and Cartographic Materials: Multidisciplinary Implications

Determining Peak Altitude on Maps, Books and Cartographic Materials: Multidisciplinary Implications

Altitude on Cartographic Materials and Its Correction According to New Measurement Techniques

Evaluating the performance of multisource digital elevation models using morphometric parameters and field survey data over the mountainous landscapes of northwest Himalaya, India

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