Gradient Shifts with Naturally Occurring Human Face Stimuli

Derenne, Adam; Breitstein, R. Michael

doi:10.1007/bf03395555

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the present results are consistent with other investigations of gradient shifts in humans, which have shown that it is not uncommon for the area under the gradient to shift while the modal response remains unchanged (e.g., Derenne & Breitstein, 2006;Galizio, 1985;O'Donnell, Crosbie, Williams, & Saunders, 2000;Spetch et al, 2004;Thomas, Windell, Williams, & White, 1985). The degree of shift that occurs may be affected by a number of variables not presently under consideration, such as the preexperimental learning history of the individual and the manner in which the generalization test is performed (see Thomas, 1993, for a review).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…For example, gradient shifts have been obtained with complex stimulus dimensions based on abstract shapes (McLaren, Bennett, Guttman-Nahir, Kim, & Mackintosh, 1995;McLaren & Mackintosh, 2002;Wills & Mackintosh, 1998), spatial location (Cheng & Spetch, 2002;Cheng, Spetch, & Johnston, 1997;Cheng, Spetch, Kelly, & Bingman, 2006), and images of human faces (Derenne & Breitstein, 2006;Lewis & Johnston, 1999;Spetch, Cheng, & Clifford, 2004). in all of these cases, however, the stimulus dimension was relatively unfamiliar and, arguably, of little importance outside the experimental setting.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

2008

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Fifteen participants were trained on a within-subjects basis with two discrimination training conditions and one simple generalization training (control) condition to determine whether gradient shifts can be obtained within a stimulus dimension consisting of women's waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs). In one discrimination condition, the S-consisted of the "optimal" WHR; in the other, the S-consisted of the approximate mean WHR for adult women. For all three conditions, the S+ was an intermediate value. Under both discrimination training conditions, the generalization gradient was observed to shift away from the S-and

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

2008

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“…One way to begin to address the interpretative issues raised by translational analogies is to incorporate into the laboratory stimuli similar to those encountered in the natural environment. This approach reveals, for example, that gradient shifts can occur among categorical stimuli, including categories of status-ranked occupations (Howard, 1979), and categories of human faces (Derenne & Breitstein, 2006).…”

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Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Bilateral Facial Symmetry

Derenne

2010

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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A shift in generalization gradients away from S+ and towards stimuli on the opposite end of the stimulus dimension from S- is a well established phenomenon in the laboratory, occurring with humans and nonhumans and with a wide range of stimuli. The phenomenon of gradient shifts has also been observed to have an analogous relationship to a variety of apparent biases in preference observed in the natural environment. One way to examine the validity of such analogies is by examining whether gradient shifts can be observed with complex and naturalistic stimuli. In the present experiment, undergraduates were trained to discriminate between faces that varied in terms of relative bilateral facial symmetry (a stimulus dimension correlated with health and attractiveness). Comparisons were made within subjects, using two sets of images. For both sets, the faces varied from naturally asymmetrical to symmetrical, and S+ was a face equidistant to the two extremes. With one set, S- was the naturally asymmetrical face, and with the other, S- was the symmetrical face. A peak shift was obtained in both conditions, although the effect was clearer in the aggregate than on the level of the individual. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that the processes responsible for gradient shifts in the lab are relevant to judgments made in the natural environment.

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“…For example, whereas researchers have traditionally studied stimulus generalization and gradient shift using unidimensional stimuli (Honig and Urcuioli 1981;Purtle 1973;Riley 1968), a number of researchers have more recently studied gradient shift using naturalistic images of human faces (e.g., Derenne and Breitstein 2006;Dunsmoor et al 2009;McLaren and Mackintosh 2002;Spetch et al 2004). The pattern of generalization emerging from studies with facial stimuli notably resembles that obtained with the more traditional procedures.…”

Section: Patterns Of Stimulus Generalization Vary With Experiencementioning

confidence: 89%

Postdiscrimination Gradients With Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces

2014

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Discrimination training is often used to improve accuracy in stimulus recognition. However, intradimensional discrimination training with a single positive exemplar and a single negative exemplar may reduce accuracy during a generalization test. More specifically, discrimination training can cause a shift in responding from the positive exemplar to stimuli unlike the negative exemplar. Previous studies have shown that the length of discrimination training affects the degree to which a shift occurs. We sought to determine whether pre-experimental exposure ("familiarity") to the stimuli would have a similar effect. Twenty participants were trained and tested with two different sets of facial images. Each set of images consisted of stimuli that ranged from the naturally asymmetrical version of the face to a symmetrical version of the face. In one condition, the images were based on the participant's own face; in the second condition, the images were based on the face of a stranger. In both cases, the median face served as the positive exemplar. In half of the conditions the naturally asymmetrical face served as the negative exemplar, and in the other half, the symmetrical face served as the negative exemplar. Images based on a stranger's face produced greater generalization than images based on the participant's own face. A significant gradient shift occurred only with familiar faces.

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Gradient Shifts with Naturally Occurring Human Face Stimuli

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios

Shifts in Postdiscrimination Gradients Within a Stimulus Dimension Based on Bilateral Facial Symmetry

Postdiscrimination Gradients With Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces

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