Grading of Scots Pine Seeds by the Seed Coat Color: How to Optimize the Engineering Parameters of the Mobile Optoelectronic Device

Abstract

Research Highlights: There is a problem of forest seeds quality assessment and grading afield in minimal costs. The grading quality of each seed coat color class is determined by the degree of its separation with a mobile optoelectronic grader. Background and Objectives: Traditionally, pine seeds are graded in size, but this can lead to a loss of genetic diversity. Seed coat color is individual for each forest seed and is caused to a low error in identifying the genetic features of seedling obtained from it. The principle on which the mobile optoelectronic grader operates is based on the optical signal detection reflected from the single seed. The grader can operate in scientific (spectral band analysis) mode and production (spectral feature grading) mode. When operating in production mode, it is important to determine the optimal engineering parameters of the grader that provide the maximum value of the separation degree of seed-color classes. For this purpose, a run of experiments was conducted on the forest seeds separation using a mobile optoelectronic grader and regression models of the output from factors were obtained. Materials and Methods: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed samples were obtained from cones of the 2019 harvest collected in a natural stand. The study is based on the Design of Experiments theory (DOE) using the Microsoft Excel platform. In each of three replications of each run from the experiment matrix, a mixture of 100 seeds of light, dark and light-dark fraction (n = 300) was used. Results: Interpretation of the obtained regression model of seed separation in the visible wavelength range (650–715 nm) shows that the maximum influence on the output—separation degree—is exerted by the angle of incidence of the detecting optical beam. Next in terms of the influence power on the output are paired interactions: combinations of the wavelength with the angle of incidence and the wavelength with the grader’s seed pipe height. The minimum effect on the output is the wavelength of the detecting optical beam. Conclusions: The use of a mobile optoelectronic grader will eliminate the cost of transporting seeds to and from forest seed centers. To achieve a value of 0.97–1.0 separation degree of Scots pine seeds colored fractions, it is necessary to provide the following optimal engineering parameters of the mobile optoelectronic grader: the wavelength of optical radiation is 700 nm, the angle of incidence of the detecting optical beam is 45° and the grader’s seed pipe height is 0.2 m.

Verification of the Construction and Architectural Component of the Design of the Fire Protection Regulations

“…Staircase No. 5 (in axes 16-17/E-Zh): internal, in a smoke-free in a smoke-resistant type H2 staircase connecting all the underground and aboveground floors of the building and leading from the first floor through the vestibule-gate directly outside at elevation 0.00 m. Description of the complex's lifts: the complex's lifts connect all underground and above-ground floors [38,39,40,41,42,43].…”

The VIS-Spectrometric Data of Scots Pine Individual Seed Reveal Forecasting Potential for Container-Grown Germination and Seedling’s Dickson Quality Index

“…Negorelskaya) when moving seeds according to A.I. Novikov and co-authors [9] to the place of sowing according to the climatic gradient -"dependence of accumulated precipitation on accumulated degree days" [9], used in this study, is based on the hypothesis of the existence of the influence of morphometric and spectrometric parameters of seeds on sowing qualities (indicators of germinationtinplate for 30 and 50 days [10] in containers of automated forestry equipment).…”

“…The quality of the seeds is closely correlated with their spectrometric properties. Moreover, the effectiveness of performing a group of seeding operations (including aerial seeding [231] on hard-to-cultivate areas) depends on the quality of seeds [3,6,12,13,34,72,79,85,89,107,111,115,139,143,175,203,217,[223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230].…”

“…m; BCC AB, Sweden) for testing the production technology planting material, taking into account the spectrometric and morphometric characteristics of seeds: scheme of placement of individual seeds in a container (a); manual seeding and labeling of SideSlit containers (b);.The moment of accounting for the germination of seeds of the Negorelskaya variety in SideSlit containers was set to a 30-day (July 22, 2023) and 50-day (August 12, 2023) period from manual seeding into each of the 40 cells of the container, as implemented byMañas et al (2009) [236], A. V.Pimenov (2015) [237] A. [10].…”

Engineering and Technical Solutions for Ensuring Security at Social Facilities

“…In [31,32,33,34,35] the development of automated control systems for monitoring the safety parameters of thermal power plants for thermal power plants is highlighted, and in [36,37,38,39,40] the regulation of technological risk by optimizing the equipment maintenance program is highlighted. You can also pay attention to [41,42,43,44,45] aimed at improving the technological regulations of the field of functioning, the ultimate goal of which is to ensure its fire safety. In [46,47,48,49,50] the variants of information technologies for the preventive guarantee of safety at life objects are shown.…”