Grape Pomace, an Agricultural Byproduct Reducing Mycotoxin Absorption: In Vivo Assessment in Pig Using Urinary Biomarkers

Abstract

The efficacy of four agricultural byproducts (ABPs) and two commercial binders (CBs) to reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of a mixture of mycotoxins was tested in piglets using urinary mycotoxin biomarkers as indicator of the absorbed mycotoxins. Twenty-eight piglets were administered a bolus contaminated with the mycotoxin mixture containing or not ABP or CB. Twenty-four hour urine was collected and analyzed for mycotoxin biomarkers by using a multiantibody immunoaffinity-based LC-MS/MS method. Each bolus contained 769 μg of fumonisin B1 (FB1), 275 μg of deoxynivalenol (DON), 29 μg of zearalenone (ZEN), 6.5 μg of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 6.6 μg of ochratoxin A (OTA) corresponding to 2.2, 0.8, 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02 μg/g in the daily diet, respectively. The percentage of ABP in each bolus was 50%, whereas for the two CBs the percentages were 5.2 and 17%, corresponding to 2.8, 0.3, and 0.9% in the daily diet, respectively. The reduction of mycotoxin absorption was up to 69 and 54% for ABPs and CBs, respectively. White grape pomace of Malvasia was the most effective material as it reduced significantly (p < 0.05) urinary mycotoxin biomarker of AFB1 (67%) and ZEN (69%), whereas reductions statistically not significant were observed for FB1 (57%), DON (40%), and OTA (27%). This study demonstrates that grape pomace reduces the gastrointestinal absorption of mycotoxins. This agricultural byproduct can be considered an alternative to commercial products and used in the feed industries as an effective, cheap, and natural binder for multiple mycotoxins.

Comparative efficacy of agricultural by‐products in sequestering mycotoxins

“…The efficacy of grape pomaces in sequestering mycotoxins was confirmed in pigs using the urinary biomarkers approach. 29 Grape pomace reduced significantly (P < 0.05) urinary mycotoxin biomarker of AFB 1 (67%) and ZEA (69%), whereas reductions statistically not significant were observed for FB 1 , OTA, and DON. Taking into account these results, the authors stated that grape pomace shows the potential to be used as a broad-spectrum adsorbent material.…”

“…Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) was the most adsorbed mycotoxin, followed by zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), whereas the adsorption of deoxynivalenol (DON) was negligible. The efficacy of grape pomaces in sequestering mycotoxins was confirmed in pigs using the urinary biomarkers approach . Grape pomace reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) urinary mycotoxin biomarker of AFB 1 (67%) and ZEA (69%), whereas reductions statistically not significant were observed for FB 1 , OTA, and DON.…”

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

“…ZEN, ZAN, α-and β-ZEL, α-and β-ZAL unconjugated, glucuronide and sulphate forms have been quantified in different substrates, urine and faeces being the preferable excretion route (table L5). Due to the complex metabolism, ZEN is always measured in combination with its metabolites and in combination with other Fusarium toxins (Winkler et al, 2014) or other toxins (Gambacorta et al, 2016). Due to the complex metabolism, ZEN is always measured in combination with its metabolites and in combination with other Fusarium toxins (Winkler et al, 2014) or other toxins (Gambacorta et al, 2016).…”

“…It can be degraded back to DON under physiological conditions as it has been put in evidence in the urinary balance experiment carried out by Frobose (Frobose et al, 2017). Gambacorta (Gambacorta et al, 2016) experimented the effect of four agricultural by-products to be used as alternatives to commercial binders to reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of a mixture of mycotoxins. They found out that feeding diets contaminated with 4 mg/kg DON to nursery pigs reduced nursery pig growth, primarily via feed intake suppression.…”

“…The study demonstrated that grape pomace reduces the gastrointestinal absorption of AFB1, DON, FB1, OTA and ZEN and it can be considered an alternative to commercial products (Gambacorta et al, 2016). The efficacy of four agricultural byproducts and two commercial binders to reduce the gastro-intestinal absorption of a mixture of mycotoxins was tested in piglets using urinary mycotoxin BM as indicator of the absorbed mycotoxins.…”