Grapevine Improvement through Biotechnology

Abstract

Grapevine cultivation is increasing worldwide as people realize the benefits of grape and wine consumption. To improve yield and enhance the quality of grapes, biotechnology research plays an ever-increasing role. In recent years, the sequencing of multiple grape genomes has led to increased vibrant research initiatives on grape improvement. These novel approaches include those related to the application of transgenic technology toward the improvement of grape varieties. These advancements include the development of molecular markers for valuable traits, improved plant transformation systems, genetic engineering to enhance disease tolerance in grape cultivars, and the identification of flavor and aroma components to improve the enological quality of grapes. Some of the results obtained by various researchers have direct application, whereas others are yet to gain direct application in grape quality improvement, although such techniques possess potential qualities, which can be exploited for genetic breeding of Vitis species. This chapter highlights selected advancements in grape biotechnology from recently reported research activities.

Berry Anthocyanin, Acid, and Volatile Trait Analyses in a Grapevine-Interspecific F2 Population Using an Integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq Genetic Map

“…Typical grapevine primary breeding objectives include greater yield and higher quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and desirable plant growth habits [ 1 ]. However, the heterozygosity and long generation cycle of Vitis present a breeding challenge [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Molecular mapping with transferable markers provides the opportunity to reduce the time needed to study interspecific populations by facilitating quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification, marker assisted selection, and candidate gene discovery [ 1 , 3 , 4 ].…”

“…However, the heterozygosity and long generation cycle of Vitis present a breeding challenge [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Molecular mapping with transferable markers provides the opportunity to reduce the time needed to study interspecific populations by facilitating quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification, marker assisted selection, and candidate gene discovery [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. The results of QTL mapping vary among populations (size and genetic background) and marker type; therefore, the development of a genetic map with strong marker transferability is a timely requirement for grapevine breeding [ 4 ].…”

Biotechnologies and Strategies for Grapevine Improvement

“…Grapevine is not only an important fruit crop but also a plant model for genetic studies due to its small genome size of 475-500 Mb and 38 chromosomes (n = 19). Most of the Vitis species are diploids, but there are also fertile interspecies hybrids [9]. The international grape genome program (IGGP) generated the first genome sequence for the Pinot Noir clone ENTAV 115 with Sanger and shotgun sequencing, which was important to understand the genome organization and the 19 linkage groups of Vitis vinifera.…”

“…Most of the harvested grapes are used for wine production but also for consumption as fresh fruit, raisins, juices, vinegar, seed oils, and spirit drinks [6,7]. Grape extracts are also used as food additives, in cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical industry, while some species are grown for ornamental purposes [8,9].…”

“…Thus, in recent years, biotechnology research proved to be a powerful complement to conventional breeding methods playing an increasing role in the improvement of the existing grapevine varieties and rootstocks. The novel approaches include the development of molecular markers for fingerprinting, genetic mapping, genetic diversity assessments in populations, gene tagging for breeding purposes (marker-assisted selection), and gene cloning; these technologiesaim to improve on the current plant transformation strategies and genetic editing to enhance disease tolerance and improve berry quality [9,17].…”