Graphene actively Q-switched lasers

Abstract

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Nonlinear Optics with 2D Layered Materials

“…Thus far, 2DLM‐based ultrafast lasers have been reported to produce mode‐locked pulses with the output wavelength covering from 635 nm to 2.8 µm, pulse duration of sub‐20 fs (Figure d), the repetition rate of >10 GHz, and the average power of >10 W . Overall, the advantages of 2DLM‐based saturable absorbers include broad operation bandwidth, fast recovery time, electrical tunability, cost‐effective, easy fabrication and integration, and multifunctionality (e.g., integrated photodetector and modulator). For example, a recent example of adding additional functionalities to the lasers was demonstrated in Li et al, which utilized the anisotropic optical properties of BP for linearly polarized ultrafast pulse generation with a degree of polarization of ≈100% (Figure e).…”

Graphene Actively Mode‐Locked Lasers

“…Graphene electrooptic modulators (GEOM) could provide a promising opportunity to overcome the aforementioned issues of traditional bulk materials based modulators for active mode‐locking, due to their performance advantages, such as broad operation bandwidth, low insertion loss, compact footprint, cost effectiveness, and easy integration . Indeed, ref.…”

Active synchronization and modulation of fiber lasers with a graphene electro-optic modulator

“…One of the possible reasons is lack of active devices having a broad operation bandwidth. For example, the operation bandwidth of conventionally used bulk electro-optic modulators is typically limited (e.g., ∼100 nm at the infrared spectral region [12]), which cannot cover the relatively large bandwidth between two typical technological wavelengths [e.g., >400 nm (between 1.5 and 2 μm)]. Therefore, developing novel active optical modulators with broadband response becomes a key solution to overcome the shortcomings of traditional bulk materials-based modulators.…”

“…One of the rapidly developed optoelectronic devices is graphene electro-optic modulators (GEOMs) [12,21], which have been demonstrated as a promising alternative to traditional bulk materials-based modulators due to their superior performance, such as broadband and ultrafast response, miniature footprint, and low power consumption [21]. These suggest GEOM an ideal platform for optical pulse generation in lasers through active modulation.…”

“…However, it is challenging to directly generate active synchronization within these lasers because the saturable absorption effect plays dominant roles in the pulse formation process. Very recently, pulsed fiber lasers actively Q-switched and mode-locked by GEOMs were demonstrated [12,26].…”