Graphene and its nanostructure derivatives for use in bone tissue engineering: Recent advances

Abstract

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine represent areas of increasing interest because of the major progress in cell and organ transplantation, as well as advances in materials science and engineering. Tissue-engineered bone constructs have the potential to alleviate the demand arising from the shortage of suitable autograft and allograft materials for augmenting bone healing. Graphene and its derivatives have attracted much interest for applications in bone tissue engineering. For this purpose, this review focuses on more recent advances in tissue engineering based on graphene-biomaterials from 2013 to May 2015. The purpose of this article was to give a general description of studies of nanostructured graphene derivatives for bone tissue engineering. In this review, we highlight how graphene family nanomaterials are being exploited for bone tissue engineering. Firstly, the main requirements for bone tissue engineering were discussed. Then, the mechanism by which graphene based materials promote new bone formation was explained, following which the current research status of main types of nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering was reviewed and discussed. In addition, graphenebased bioactive glass, as a potential drug/growth factor carrier, was reviewed which includes the composition-structuredrug delivery relationship and the functional effect on the tissue-stimulation properties. Also, the effect of structural and textural properties of graphene based materials on development of new biomaterials for production of bone implants and bone cements were discussed. Finally, the present review intends to provide the reader an overview of the current state of the graphene based biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, its limitations and hopes as well as the future research trends for this exciting field of science.

Chitosan porous 3D scaffolds embedded with resolvin D1 to improve in vivo bone healing

“…Bone tissue engineering, consists in the use of a scaffolding material that will both induce formation of bone from surrounding tissues and act as a carrier of bioactive agents. 24,25 Several strategies have been proposed to improve the efficiency of bone regeneration by making it faster, more controlled and predictable. Among them, the association between biomaterials and molecules capable of stimulating osteoblast function or that modulate inflammation or angiogenesis.…”

Combined Application of Graphene‐Family Materials and Silk Fibroin in Biomedicine

“…In bone tissue engineering, carbon‐based materials, particularly graphene‐family materials, have been shown to promote osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells, thereby providing a feasible strategy for bone regeneration . A combination of graphene‐family materials and SF can furnish more appropriate components for bone repair and shows better properties for supporting osteoblast differentiation ,. Wang et al.…”

“…[73][74][75] A combination of graphene-family materials and SF can furnish more appropriate components for bone repair and shows better properties for supporting osteoblast differentiation. [76,77] Wang et al fabricated a graded biomimetic scaffold. [78] They dispersed GO and hydroxyapatite with chitosan solution, blended the mixture with SF solution, and then freeze-dried the mixture obtained.…”

The Impact of Graphene Oxide on Bone Regeneration Therapies

“…A very strong interconnection exists between the structural, physicochemical properties, and cytotoxic potential of the materials. Characteristics such as the flat shape, surface charges, and uncontrolled nanobiodegradability of graphene and its derivatives condition a relative nanocytotoxicity that has been reported [10] and currently represents a challenge for the use of graphene-based nanomaterials in clinical applications. Although a lot of positive observations related to the beneficial effects that graphene and GO have on cell growth, expansion, proliferation, and even differentiation of stem cells, caution and safety issues should still be taken into consideration when materials designed with graphene/GO are included in practical tissue engineering.…”