Abstract:Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent and severe nutritional disorder globally and is the leading cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA often progresses subtly symptomatic in children, whereas prolonged deficiency may permanently impair development. Early detection and frequent screening are, therefore, essential to avoid the consequences of IDA. In order to reduce the production cost and complexities involved in building advanced ID sensors, the devices were fabricated using a home-built pat… Show more
“…The sensors linear range and LOD values were found to be less as compared to the previously mentioned platforms. The response time for this sensor was 1–10 s only, which is a big advantage of the biosensor ( Oshin et al, 2020 ). Very recently, a microfluidic chip based system is reported by Garg et al for the continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin.…”
Section: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Their Detection Platformsmentioning
COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone throughout the world and has resulted in the loss of lives of many souls. Due to the restless efforts of the researchers working hard day and night, some success has been gained for the detection of virus. As on date, the traditional polymerized chain reactions (PCR), lateral flow devices (LFID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are being adapted for the detection of this deadly virus. However, a more exciting avenue is the detection of certain biomarkers associated with this viral infection which can be done by simply re-purposing our existing infrastructure. SARS-CoV-2 viral infection triggers various inflammatory, biochemical and hematological biomarkers. Because of the infection route that the virus follows, it causes significant inflammatory response. As a result, various inflammatory markers have been reported to be closely associated with this infection such as C-reactive proteins, interleukin-6, procalcitonin and ferritin. Sensing of these biomarkers can simultaneously help in understanding the illness level of the affected patient. Also, by monitoring these biomarkers, we can predict the viral infections in those patients who have low SARS-CoV-2 RNA and hence are missed by traditional tests. This can give more targets to the researchers and scientists, working in the area of drug development and provide better prognosis. In this review, we propose to highlight the conventional as well as the non-conventional methods for the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers which can act as a single platform of knowledge for the researchers and scientists working for the treatment of COVID-19.
“…The sensors linear range and LOD values were found to be less as compared to the previously mentioned platforms. The response time for this sensor was 1–10 s only, which is a big advantage of the biosensor ( Oshin et al, 2020 ). Very recently, a microfluidic chip based system is reported by Garg et al for the continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin.…”
Section: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Their Detection Platformsmentioning
COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone throughout the world and has resulted in the loss of lives of many souls. Due to the restless efforts of the researchers working hard day and night, some success has been gained for the detection of virus. As on date, the traditional polymerized chain reactions (PCR), lateral flow devices (LFID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are being adapted for the detection of this deadly virus. However, a more exciting avenue is the detection of certain biomarkers associated with this viral infection which can be done by simply re-purposing our existing infrastructure. SARS-CoV-2 viral infection triggers various inflammatory, biochemical and hematological biomarkers. Because of the infection route that the virus follows, it causes significant inflammatory response. As a result, various inflammatory markers have been reported to be closely associated with this infection such as C-reactive proteins, interleukin-6, procalcitonin and ferritin. Sensing of these biomarkers can simultaneously help in understanding the illness level of the affected patient. Also, by monitoring these biomarkers, we can predict the viral infections in those patients who have low SARS-CoV-2 RNA and hence are missed by traditional tests. This can give more targets to the researchers and scientists, working in the area of drug development and provide better prognosis. In this review, we propose to highlight the conventional as well as the non-conventional methods for the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers which can act as a single platform of knowledge for the researchers and scientists working for the treatment of COVID-19.
“…[47][48][49] Recently, a graphene-based nano-field-effect transistor (GFET) was developed by Oshin et al for iron deficiency detection in a non-invasive process. [50] Anti-ferritin antibodies were used to selectively detect ferritin protein antigen, with a reported detection limit of 10 fM. Such a substantial detection limit was reached using a low-cost, shadow mask patterning procedure to fabricate the sourcedrain electrodes rather than the lithographic process.…”
Nanotechnology has provided us with unimaginable possibilities in addressing worldly challenges. Since its discovery in 2004, Graphene has been considered a "Holy Grail" of nanomaterials for its unprecedented applicability in different fields, including biomedical, energy harvest and storage, sensing applications. Throughout the world, tremendous waves of research have been going on to exploit graphene's unique thermal, mechanical, electrical, catalytic, and biological properties. Besides, efficient and tunable techniques of graphene's bulk manufacturing have been under thorough investigation. This article reviews various recent studies on large-scale graphene synthesis with tunable properties. Several different ways of graphene's use in various catalytic platforms are also reviewed. Furthermore, recent biomedical and energy (storage and harvest) applications of graphene, especially in microbial fuel cell technology, bio-sensing, antimicrobial applications, have been discussed in this article.
“…The sensor with a 2-micrometer channel gap demonstrated a high sensitivity of 133.47 mV/pH, which exceeded the Nerst limit for the detection of ferritin in buffer solutions and had a wide operating linear range of 50 pg/mL to 500 ng/mL. The first GFET device for detecting ferritin was fabricated by Oshin et al [ 87 ]. The GFET was functionalized with anti-ferritin antibodies for the detection of ferritin in saliva samples.…”
Section: Infection-mediated Clinical Biomarkers and Their Electrical Biosensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 5 ( A ) Electrochemical biosensors: ( a ) tungsten disulfide quantum dots-based electrochemical detection of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 80 ]), ( b ) handmade paper-based electrochemical sensing of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 85 ]), ( c ) microfluidic-based flow cell for serum ferritin detection (reprinted from [ 83 ]), and ( d ) nanorod-based electrical sensing of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 84 ]). ( B ) Electronic biosensors: ( a ) graphene-based FET (reprinted from [ 87 ]) and ( b ) nanowire-based FET (reprinted with permission from [ 86 ]). …”
Section: Infection-mediated Clinical Biomarkers and Their Electrical Biosensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, FET-based electronic biosensors could be implemented in COVID-based electrical biosensing platforms as they offer direct translation for the interaction between targeted molecules and probes and a rapid detection time as low as 1–10 s [ 87 ]. The incorporation of 2D nanomaterials, especially carbon-based nanomaterials, as the transducing channel material elevates the sensitivity of a sensing platform to its surrounding charges.…”
Section: Insights Into Infection-mediated Clinical Biomarkers and Their Electrical Biosensors In Covid-19 Electrical Biosensing Platformsmentioning
The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen–antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients. Hence, this review discusses the potential implementation of these biomarkers for COVID-19 electrical biosensing platforms. The secretion range for each biomarker is reviewed based on clinical studies. Currently available electrical biosensors comprising electrochemical and electronic biosensors associated with these biomarkers are discussed, and insights into the use of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers as prognostic and adjunct diagnostic indicators in developing an electrical-based COVID-19 biosensor are provided.
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