Infection-Mediated Clinical Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform

Abstract

The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen–antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients. Hence, this review discusses the potential implementation of these biomarkers for COVID-19 electrical biosensing platforms. The secretion range for each biomarker is reviewed based on clinical studies. Currently available electrical biosensors comprising electrochemical and electronic biosensors associated with these biomarkers are discussed, and insights into the use of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers as prognostic and adjunct diagnostic indicators in developing an electrical-based COVID-19 biosensor are provided.

Advancing COVID-19 Detection: High-Performance RNA Biosensing via Electrical Interactions

“…A fundamental aspect of managing this pandemic effectively revolves around having strong and swift diagnostic tools [1], [2]. Nevertheless, their drawbacks related to accessibility, speed, and sensitivity have emphasized the pressing requirement for alternative diagnostic approaches [3]. As a response to these challenges, researchers have undertaken a mission to create advanced diagnostic technologies that combine affordability, portability, rapid detection, and ease of use, making them suitable for widespread adoption within healthcare systems [3], [4].…”

“…Nevertheless, their drawbacks related to accessibility, speed, and sensitivity have emphasized the pressing requirement for alternative diagnostic approaches [3]. As a response to these challenges, researchers have undertaken a mission to create advanced diagnostic technologies that combine affordability, portability, rapid detection, and ease of use, making them suitable for widespread adoption within healthcare systems [3], [4]. This effort aligns with the changing landscape of medical research, where fields like biotechnology and electronics are converging to develop state-of-the-art solutions [5], [6].…”

Gold nanostructures modified carbon-based electrode enhanced with methylene blue for point-of-care COVID-19 tests using isothermal amplification

“…Most reported methods are based on either fluorescence or colorimetric detection, reducing the accuracy and selectivity compared to conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) [ 8 , 12 , 16 , 31 ]. However, sensitivity of the LAMP method can be enhanced by analyzing the electrical properties after the amplification process, thereby increasing the accuracy, minimizing the use of samples, and reducing the total procedure time [ 32 ]. In a typical configuration, electrochemical DNA sensors use a single-stranded capture probe sequence immobilized on a working electrode, where the complementary target DNA is hybridized.…”

“…Most techniques rely on the decrease in current response of a free-to-diffuse intercalating redox reporter during the reaction processes [ 39 , 40 ]. Some studies have also reported the use of field-effect transistor devices for the detection of SARS-CoV-2; however, this approach has a drawback of high noise signals [ 32 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Dual-Band On-Body Near Field Antenna for Measuring Deep Core Temperature With a Microwave Radiometer

“…Bioelectronic devices or biosensors are becoming increasingly important in the medical field. Moreover, bioelectronic devices or biosensors are used to detect diseases and monitor medical information [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Among the important medical factors, body temperature is the most important indicator of health problems and is often used for early detection of health problems.…”