“…Several approaches have been established to quantify paraquat residues, including liquid chromatography, 6 high performance liquid chromatography, 7 fluorescence assay, 8 ion mobility spectrometry, 9 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 10 electrochemistry, 11 and electrochemiluminescence-fluorescence sensing. 12 Although these methods demonstrate high sensitivity in detecting paraquat, they are accompanied by certain limitations such as high costs, the prerequisite of advanced laboratory instruments, intricate procedures, time-consuming processes, and the requirement for skilled technicians to operate them.…”