Graphene from waste and bioprecursors synthesis method and its application: A review

Abstract

Recently, carbonaceous material such as porous carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and activated carbon has received tremendous attention from researchers. To date, the exploration of graphene is still in vast. Graphene has been applied in various applications which include polymer composites, energy storage, fuel cell and biomedical applications. This is due to its unique characteristics such as large surface area and high remarkable electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. Even though chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been established as an effective method to synthesize graphene, but the yield is low and may not compatible in certain applications. In addition, the chemical process of the production of graphene from exfoliation of graphite oxide involves hazardous and toxic reagents. Currently, bio-waste materials have been a great source for production of carbon. Furthermore, bio-waste materials are abundant and proper disposal method is needed. Hence, preparation of graphene from waste and biomass precursors is a new alternative to overcome the afore mentioned problem. Therefore, this paper will be focused on the method of synthesizing graphene from glucose, rice husk, chitosan, corn stalk core and plastic waste. The application of graphene derived from each bioprecursor for dye removal, adsorption of toxic and heavy metals, gas storage and supercapacitors will also be reviewed.

Recent trends in two-dimensional graphene derivatives-based composites: Review on synthesis, properties and applications

“…140 Afterward, various natural carbonaceous sources, such as plants, wood parts, biomass waste, fruits, vegetables, biopolymers and insect parts, have been explored in research literature for graphene derivatives production by biomass carbonization. 124,141 Figure 11 demonstrates examples of the exploited biomass for 2D GDs synthesis through pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. 124 The principal of graphene synthesis from biomass carbonization is based on the pyrolysis of biomass upon thermal treatment at high temperature ∼ 1000°C under an inert atmosphere.…”

“…19 Thus, a recent study on the mechanical properties of ceramic composites based on alumina and zirconia with carbon allotropes, reported that graphene derivatives significantly enhance the fracture toughness, low-temperature wear resistance, creep behavior and superplasticity at high temperatures of ceramic materials. 141 Also, graphene largely modifies the electronic behavior of ceramic materials. For example, Pernia et al 161 have developed 3 mol% yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3YTZP) ceramic composites with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), via Ex-situ solution mixing using ultrasound agitation.…”

Green syntheses of graphene and its applications in internet of things (IoT)—a status review

“…In some variations, microwaveassisted hydrothermal method is also adopted, where microwave heating facilitates faster reaction to form GCDs with uniform size distribution [102][103][104][105][106]. Apart from GCD, graphene sheets are obtained from glucose via carbonization and calcination in the presence of some activating agents (like FeCl 3 etc) [107,108]. In another interesting process, chemical blowing techniques are utilized to blow molten sugar (or glucose) to prepare graphene.…”

Structural Metamorphosis of Graphitic Derivatives Produced from Fractionated Bamboo Lignin

“…This not only conserves energy but also preserves material integrity, facilitating the rapid metamorphosis of soft carbon into graphite endowed with comparable properties to conventional graphite . Following this, both chemical exfoliation and thermal reduction stand out as preferred approaches, given their extensive exploration as feasible avenues for producing graphene-based materials. , The methodology combining Hummer’s method with thermal annealing has garnered substantial attention due to its scalability, operational simplicity, moderate reaction conditions, and cost-effectiveness …”