Graphene / hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites: Dispersion, curing, mechanical reinforcement, multifunctional filler

Zirnstein, Benjamin; Tabaka, Weronika; Frasca, Daniele; Schulze, Dietmar; Schartel, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.01.035

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Mineral flame retardants, such as aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), are used widely because of their low cost [7]. ATH acts through fuel replacement in the condensed phase and through fuel dilution and cooling in the gas phase, due to the release of water into the flame and the formation of a ceramic protective layer [8,9,10,11]. To achieve a sufficient flame retardancy effect, mineral fillers like ATH have to be used at high loadings, usually of 40–70%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, reducing the filler loading while boosting fire performance is the major target for flame retarded rubbers. Using multicomponent flame retardant systems, i.e., a combination of phosphorous flame retardants, mineral fillers, and/or nanocomposites, is a promising strategy to achieve this goal [8,16,17]. The synergistic effects on flame retardancy of phosphorous flame retardants and metal hydrates have been studied, revealing such effects as increased limiting oxygen index (LOI) and reduced heat emission in various materials, such as polyolefins [18,19,20,21] and rubber composites [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline

2019

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In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance. In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m−2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline

2019

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“…The curing time of EPDM was 274 s, the curing time of EPDM/GO‐0.5% was shortened to 225 s, and the curing time of EPDM/DGO‐0.5% was also shortened to 224 s. It showed that the vulcanization rate was accelerated, which meant that GO and DGO could promote the vulcanization of the compounds. In addition, the difference between maximum and minimum torque ( M H ‐M L ) could reflect the crosslink density of the rubber compounds . Thus, the addition of GO and DGO would increase the crosslink density of the compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dodecylbenzene‐modified graphite oxide via π‐π interaction to reinforce EPDM

Wang

Luo

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The surface modification of graphene oxide was carried out with dodecylbenzene, and the π‐π noncovalent interaction was introduced between the interfaces of graphene oxide and dodecylbenzene. The modified graphene oxide was added to ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer by mechanical blending, and then the ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/modified graphene oxide vulcanizate was prepared. The results show that the dodecylbenzene loading rate on the surface of graphene oxide was about 40%. The addition of the graphene oxide and the modified graphene oxide was both beneficial to improve the thermal stability of the ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer, but the effect of the modified graphene oxide was better. The addition of graphene oxide would cause the glass transition temperature of vulcanizate to shift toward higher temperature. However, the addition of modified graphene oxide would result in the glass transition temperature of vulcanizate to shift toward lower temperature. The tensile strength and elongation at break of vulcanizate would be improved simultaneously with the addition of modified graphene oxide. The reason was related to the slipping of dodecylbenzene on the surface of graphene oxide and the destruction of π‐π non‐covalent bonds at dodecylbenzene‐graphene oxide interfaces. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48261.

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“…Polimer tidak tepu selalunya diubah suai kerana kehadiran ikatan karbon ganda dua yang boleh dimanipulasikan untuk membentuk struktur baru melalui beberapa siri tindak balas kimia (Fainleib et al 2013). Penurunan unit tidak tepu menjadikannya lebih tahan terhadap degradasi termal dan oksidatif dengan pertambahan unit tepu pada tulang belakang polimer (Simma et al 2009;Zirnstein et al 2018). Sebagai contoh, getah nitril-butadiena terhidrogen mempunyai ketahanan hakisan yang tinggi pada suhu tinggi maka sangat sesuai dijadikan sebagai bahan penebat dalam enjin (Zirnstein et al 2018).…”

Section: Pengenalanunclassified

Pengoptimuman Parameter untuk Penurunan Diimida Getah Asli Cecair dalam Sistem Hidrazin Hidrat/Hidrogen Peroksida Menggunakan Kaedah Rangsangan Permukaan (RSM)

Yusof

Tahir

Firdaus

et al. 2018

JSM

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Getah asli cecair (LNR) dihasilkan daripada proses penyahpolimeran getah asli yang menghasilkan rantaian polimer lebih pendek dan berat molekular kurang daripada 10 5. Namun, LNR masih mempamerkan tahap degradasi dan ketahanan termal yang rendah seperti getah asli, disebabkan oleh kehadiran ikatan karbon ganda dua pada rantaian polimer. Dalam kajian ini, penurunan diimida menggunakan pengoksidaan hidrazin hidrat dengan hidrogen peroksida dijalankan untuk menghidrogenkan unit tidak tepu LNR. LNR terhidrogen (HLNR) dicirikan menggunakan spektrometer infra-merah (FTIR) dan spektrometer resonans magnetik nuklear (NMR). Pengoptimuman parameter tindak balas dilakukan dengan memanipulasi parameter masa dan suhu tindak balas berdasarkan kaedah rangsangan permukaan (RSM) dengan 5-aras-2-faktor reka bentuk komposit putaran tengah (CCRD). Satu model kuadratik yang signifikan telah dihasilkan untuk menghubungkan dua parameter tersebut dengan nilai R 2 adalah 0.9986, menunjukkan bahawa model yang terhasil adalah sangat sepadan dengan data uji kaji. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peratus penghidrogenan boleh ditingkatkan sehingga 91.2%. Seterusnya, berdasarkan RSM, parameter yang optimum bagi penurunan diimida LNR ini didapati pada suhu 55.9 o C selama 6.7 jam, menghasilkan 80.2% HLNR. Kajian ini telah menunjukkan reka bentuk uji kaji secara statistik yang novel bagi menghidrogenkan LNR. Pelbagai variasi peratus penghidrogenan produk HLNR dalam kajian ini menyumbang kepada lebih banyak aplikasi produk yang memerlukan peratusan ketepuan unit yang tertentu. Kata kunci: Getah asli cecair; kaedah rangsangan permukaan (RSM); penghidrogenan; pengoptimuman; reka bentuk komposit putaran tengah (CCRD)

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Graphene / hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites: Dispersion, curing, mechanical reinforcement, multifunctional filler

Cited by 39 publications

References 64 publications

Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline

Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline

Dodecylbenzene‐modified graphite oxide via π‐π interaction to reinforce EPDM

Pengoptimuman Parameter untuk Penurunan Diimida Getah Asli Cecair dalam Sistem Hidrazin Hidrat/Hidrogen Peroksida Menggunakan Kaedah Rangsangan Permukaan (RSM)

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