Graphene on Rh(111): Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopies studies

Voloshina, Elena; Dedkov, Yuriy; Torbrügge, Stefan; Thißen, Andreas; Fonin, Mikhail

doi:10.1063/1.4729549

Cited by 103 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Further, graphene forms just a single rotational domain on Rh(111) with a mismatch corresponding to a 12×12 graphene cell occupying 11×11 Rh supercell [261,317]. This has been observed experimentally using both AFM and STM, see Fig.…”

Section: Rh(111)mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…These include crystalline substrates such as Cu(111) [253], Ni(111) [254,255], Co(0001) [256,257], Fe(110) [258], Au(111) [259], Pd(111) [62], Pt(111) [58], Re(1010) [260], Ru(0001) [106], Rh(111) [261], Ir(111) [61,139,54,92], but also polycrystalline surfaces [262,263,252] and thin films evaporated onto a different bulk material [264,265]. Here we only mention metals used for CVD; other substrates will be mentioned later on in Sections 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.…”

Section: Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

et al. 2014

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A detailed review of the literature for the last 5-10 years on epitaxial growth of graphene is presented. Both experimental and theoretical aspects related to growth on transition metals and on silicon carbide are thoroughly reviewed. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of growth on all these materials, where possible, are discussed. To make this text useful for a wider audience, a range of important experimental techniques that have been used over the last decade to grow (e.g. CVD, TPG and segregation) and characterize (STM, LEEM, etc.) graphene are reviewed, and a critical survey of the most important theoretical techniques is given. Finally, we critically discuss various unsolved problems related to growth and its mechanism which we believe require proper attention in future research.

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Section: Rh(111)mentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

et al. 2014

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“…Indeed, the coupling with a metal surface offers the possibility to control the properties of the graphene sheet, inducing doping and other modifications in its electronic structure. 4 In several cases, such as in graphene grown on Ru(0001), [5][6][7][8] Re(0001), 9 Rh(111), 10,11 and Ir(111), 12 the mismatch between the lattice constant of graphene and that of the substrate leads to the appearance of an additional long-range periodic superstructure, which can be rationalized in terms of a moiré pattern. 13 This additional periodicity modulates both the structural and the electronic properties of the interface to an extent that depends on the strength of the interaction between the carbon monolayer and the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lattice-matched versus lattice-mismatched models to describe epitaxial monolayer graphene on Ru(0001)

et al. 2013

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Monolayer graphene grown on Ru(0001) surfaces forms a superstructure with periodic modulations in its geometry and electronic structure. The large dimension and inhomogeneous features of this superstructure make its description and subsequent analysis a challenge for theoretical modeling based on density functional theory. In this work, we compare two different approaches to describe the same physical properties of this surface, focusing on the geometry and the electronic states confined at the surface. In the more complex approach, the actual moiré structure is taken into account by means of large unit cells, whereas in the simplest one, the graphene moiré is completely neglected by representing the system as a stretched graphene layer that adapts pseudomorphically to Ru(0001). As shown in previous work, the more complex model provides an accurate description of the existing experimental observations. More interestingly, we show that the simplified stretched models, which are computationally inexpensive, reproduce qualitatively the main features of the surface electronic structure. They also provide a simple and comprehensive picture of the observed electronic structure, thus making them particularly useful for the analysis of these and maybe other complex interfaces.

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“…While STM can easily resolve these moiré patterns, even in the G=Pt case [21,25], AFM experiments have only been reported in highly corrugated cases as Ru [26], Rh [27], and Ir [12,28]. Focusing on the most challenging case, G=Ir, experiments with a Kolibri sensor using a W tip clearly resolved the moiré in constant height (CH) AFM images [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic-Scale Variations of the Mechanical Response of 2D Materials Detected by Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy

et al. 2016

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We show that noncontact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is sensitive to the local stiffness in the atomicscale limit on weakly coupled 2D materials, as graphene on metals. Our large amplitude AFM topography and dissipation images under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature resolve the atomic and moiré patterns in graphene on Pt(111), despite its extremely low geometric corrugation. The imaging mechanisms are identified with a multiscale model based on density-functional theory calculations, where the energy cost of global and local deformations of graphene competes with short-range chemical and long-range van der Waals interactions. Atomic contrast is related with short-range tip-sample interactions, while the dissipation can be understood in terms of global deformations in the weakly coupled graphene layer. Remarkably, the observed moiré modulation is linked with the subtle variations of the local interplanar graphene-substrate interaction, opening a new route to explore the local mechanical properties of 2D materials at the atomic scale. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.245502 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are tools of choice for characterizing the unique mechanical and electronic properties of graphene (G) and other 2D materials. Dynamic AFM [1] in the frequency modulation (FM) mode [2] has resolved the true geometric structure of a broad range of materials [3][4][5]. FM AFM experiments on carbon-based materials [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] show atomic contrast in Δf images and, depending on the setup, in the dissipation channel. While the origin of the dissipation is not well understood, the Δf contrast has been linked with the nature of the tip-sample interaction [14].G properties can be efficiently tuned by the interaction with metals [15,16]. The interaction strength varies widely from the strong coupling with Rh [17,18] and Ru [19] to the weak limit (Ir [20], Pt [21]), where G retains its unique electronic properties [22]. The different lattice parameters of G and the metal underneath are accommodated through the formation of commensurate structures known as moiré patterns, where C atoms become inequivalent due to their different bonding configuration with the metal. The resulting "true" topographic corrugation of G-the difference in height among the topmost and the bottom C atom-varies widely, even in the weakly interacting cases, where it ranges from ≈50 pm on Ir [23,24] to practically flat (≤ 3 pm) on Pt [21].While STM can easily resolve these moiré patterns, even in the G=Pt case [21,25], AFM experiments have only been reported in highly corrugated cases as Ru [26], Rh [27], and Ir [12,28]. Focusing on the most challenging case, G=Ir, experiments with a Kolibri sensor using a W tip clearly resolved the moiré in constant height (CH) AFM images [28]. Measurements with a tuning fork using both inert (CO-terminated) and reactive (Ir-terminated) tips [12] were able to identify the atoms with both tips at any tip-sample distance. This atomic-scale resolution allowed the ...

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Graphene on Rh(111): Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopies studies

Cited by 103 publications

References 38 publications

Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

Lattice-matched versus lattice-mismatched models to describe epitaxial monolayer graphene on Ru(0001)

Atomic-Scale Variations of the Mechanical Response of 2D Materials Detected by Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy

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