“…Traditionally widely-used chlorinated disinfection techniques have been criticized for generating hazardous by-products (Kulkarni and Chellam, 2010). Photocatalytic (PC) technology based on semiconductors has been explored as a promising candidate for water disinfection, because of its solar-driven potential and self-cleaning capacity (Rincon and Pulgarin, 2007;Dalrymple et al, 2010;Foster et al, 2011;Gao et al, 2013;Shi et al, 2015). Semiconductors, like TiO 2, can absorb photon energy and generate hole (h þ ) and electron (e À ) pairs, subsequently reacting with H 2 O and O 2 to form reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as OH, O 2 À , and H 2 O 2 .…”