“…For instance, on the basis of the crystal growth principle, introducing nucleating species, such as Ni foam, Cu foam, carbon cloth, graphene, graphene oxide, and N-doping graphene into the solution to induce M m + or A n − to adsorb on their surface for in situ growth can effectively control the growth process of [M x m + / m ] x + [A x n − / n ] x − , forming a large number of [M x m + / m ] x + [A x n − / n ] x − with different morphologies such as layer-shaped structures, core–shell structures, and heterojunctions. 18–20 In a homogeneous reaction system, introducing additives such as ammonia, urea, ligand, and anion ( e.g. , OH − , CO 3 2− ) to adjust the chemical environment of M m + or control the formation rate of A n − also easily changes the morphology of products.…”